MK. EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN
LINGKUNGAN
INTRODUCTION TO
ECOLOGICAL
ECONOMICS
Greentax
Sep. 7, 2004
Gary Flomenhoft-Gund Institute
Diunduh dari: smno.psdl.ppsub.2013
DIAGRAM LINGKAR MODEL EKONOMI
“EXTERNALITIES”
SOCIETY
?
ECONOMY
ENVIRONMENT
?
LINGKUNGAN sbg ‘SUBSET’ dari EKONOMI
EKONOMI
EKOSISTEM
EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890-
No Ingredients, only labor and capital
P = f(L,K)= ALa . BKb
(Cobb-Douglas multiplication)
Labor
(Chef )
=
x
X
Kapital (Mixing bowl)
Kapital (oven)
ROTI?
EKONOMI NEO-KLASIK 1890INFINITE SUBSTITUT-ABILITY:
2P = f(L,K)= 2ALa . 2BKb
More Chefs
x
or Bigger Mixing bowl
=
More
Bread?
Quotable Quotes
• “There is no reason we can’t have a perfectly healthy
economy with virtually no resources whatsoever”
Robert Solow
• “We can do without agriculture because it’s only 2%
of the economy.”
Norgaard?
• “neo-classical economics is a form of brain damage” - Hazel Henderson
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS
NO “EXTERNALITIES”
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS
Sietem Terbuka
Hukum I : Konservasi Massa
(some)
ECONOMY
(waste)
PAJAK HIJAU = GREEN TAX
(some)
ECONOMY
(waste)
3 Ss:
Sources
Sub-surface
Resources
Sites
Surface locations: ie:
land
Sinks
Absorbtion
of waste
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS
Entropi = disorder, randomness
Hukum II: Entropi selalu meningkat
(waste)
ECONOMY
LOW ENTROPY
(dissipated)
HIGH ENTROPY
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS
WHAT IS ANTI-ENTROPIC? (SYNTROPIC)
(waste)
ECONOMY
LOW ENTROPY
HIGH ENTROPY
EKONOMI - EKOLOGIS
SISTEM TERTUTUP
earth
ECONOMY
SCALE-Full World or Empty World?
Source:
Ecological
Economics
Principles &
Applications,
Farley and Daly
DIS-UTILITAS MARGINAL
PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN
MODEL SKY-TRUST
(some)
ECONOMY
(waste)
Sumberdaya
Sub-surface
Resources
Ke Hulu…….!
Sky-Trust model
Appendix : Key Features of U.S. Sky Trust
Here are the key features of the proposed U.S. Sky Trust.
o Carbon emissions cap set initially at 1.346 billion tons, the 1990 level
o Tradable carbon emission permits sold annually to energy companies at the top
of the carbon chain.
o All revenue from permit sales goes into a nationwide trust.
o Trust pays equal annual dividends to all U.S. citizens (like the Alaska Permanent
Fund).
o Dividends can be placed tax-free in Individual Retirement Accounts or Individual
Development Accounts for children.
o Initial price ceiling on carbon emission permits of $25 a ton; ceiling rises 7
percent a year for four years.
o Transition Fund to help those most adversely affected by higher carbon prices.
Fund starts at 25 percent of permit revenue, declines 2.5 percent per year.
PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE
PENGELOLAAN = GOVERNANCE
“Golden Rule of Publicly held companies:
“Maximization of Shareholder Value”
Rational behavior:
Externalize costs
Influence politics to
Seek subsidies and favors
QUOTABLE QUOTES
“Altruism is evil and selfishness is a virtue.”
-Ayn Rand
“Few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very
foundations of our free society as the acceptance by
corporate officials of a social responsibility other than
to make as much money for their stockholders as
possible.”
-Milton Friedman 1962
BIAYA REGULASI
Annual Cost: $37-43 billion
EPA conservative approach, Consistently
overestimates costs, not considering least cost
approach and technical innovation
Annual Benefits: $121-193
EPA consistently underestimates benefits
USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS
OUTWEIGH COSTS 5:1
CONSILIENCE
“~Resources are infinite and the economy can
grow forever”
(Julian Simon)
“Anyone who thinks you can have infinite
growth on a finite planet is either a madman or
an economist”
(Kenneth Boulding)
EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS:
Human Development
Growth = increase in throughput-quantitative
Development
Growth
Development = qualitative improvement
EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS:
POPULASI
Demographic transition Theory
Growth
Development
EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS:
POPULASI
EKONOMI – EKOLOGIS:
SUKSESI HUTAN
Growth
Development
Reorganization Aggredation Transition Steady-state (mature)
We hear:
“There is no conflict between economic
growth and environmental
protection!”
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World GDP Billions US$$
$10,000
$1,000
330
World GDP
CO2 level
310
$100
290
$10
270
$1
250
ATMOSPHERIC CO2
World GDP and CO2
$100,000
370
350
GDP 1825: ~$200 BILLION
2000: $41,000 B ILLION OR $41 TRILLION
=205X 1825 level.
ATM CO2 CONCENTRATION parts per million(ppm)
CO2 vs WORLD GDP
370
350
330
310
290
270
$1
$10
$100
$1,000
WORLD GDP Billions of 1990 Intl $$ Log scale (source: De Long)
$10,000
$100,000
KERUSAKAN IKLIM
Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan
Urbanization
Agriculture
Water diversions (e.g., reservoirs)
Recreation, tourism development
Pollution
Domestic livestock, ranching
Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.
247
205
160
148
143
136
Sebab-sebab Bencana Lingkungan
Mineral, gas, oil extraction
Non-native species
Harvest
Modified fire regimes
Road construction/maintenance
Industrial development
Czech et al. 2000. Bioscience 50(7):593-601.
134
115
101
83
83
81
SKENARIO DAYA DUKUNG
K
K-selection
r-selection
Time
K
GNP
Natural capital
allocated to wildlife
Natural capital
allocated to
human economy
Time
Czech, B. 2000. Economic growth as the limiting factor for wildlife conservation.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 28(1):4-14.
KAPITAL SUMBERDAYA ALAM
“We treat the earth like a business in
liquidation.”
Herman Daly
Opportunity cost. Loss is not counted.
DAYA DUKUNG EKONOMI
(“Plimsoll line”)
K
K-selection
r-selection
Time
We Might Ask
GGP
K
Economy of
nature
Human
economy
ALOKASI SUMBERDAYA ALAM
GNP
X natural capital allocable
KU
KT
Natural capital allocated
to non-human economy
Natural capital allocated to
human economy
Time
Distribution-Grow out of poverty?
Poverty rate vs. GDP per Capita
(1996$)
$35,000
20%
18%
$30,000
16%
$25,000
14%
$20,000
12%
$15,000
10%
$10,000
8%
per capita GDP (1996$)
Rivalness and Excludability
• rival
– My use leaves less for you to use
• Excludable (property rights)
– One person can keep another from using
the good
– Consumer must pay, market will supply
Must have a price to work in the free market!
Rivalness and Excludability
• Non-rival
– My use does not leave less for you to use
– Market sells for a price, discouraging use, but social
cost of use = 0, therefore market should not supply
• Non-excludable
– One person can’t keep another from using the good
– Consumer will not pay, market will not supply
Must have a price to work in the free market!
Excludable
Rival}
Non-rival}
Non-rival,
congestible
Market Good:
Food, clothes, cars, land,
timber, fish once captured,
farmed fish, regulated
pollution
Potential market good
(Tragedy of the “noncommons”)but inefficient:
patented information,
Pond, roads (congestible),
streetlights
Private beaches, private
gardens, toll roads, zoos, movies
Non-Excludable
Open Access Regime: (misnamed:
Tragedy of the commons)
Oceanic fisheries, timber
etc. from unprotected
forests, air pollution, waste
absorption capacity
Pure Public Good:
climate stability, ozone layer,
clean air/water/land,
Biodiversity, information,
habitat, life support functions,
etc.
Public beaches, gardens, roads,
etc.
Diunduh dari: ….. 30/9/2012
Diunduh dari: ….. 30/9/2012
Diunduh dari: ….. 30/9/2012
Diunduh dari: ….. 30/9/2012