2013 Final Exam Study Guide
Please use your flip charts and identify all parts of speech:
1. Samantha forgot her homework at my house.
2. I love you.
3. Once upon a time, Cinderella got married to a prince.
4. After school, I called Tommy’s mother.
5. Mary called Timmy a heathen.
6. Mother-in-laws can drive a man crazy.
7. Antigone wept.
8. Every child deserves a happy childhood.
9. Teaching is a calling.
10. Mrs. Peeler looks beautiful today.
11. I fell down yesterday, after class, in the hallway.
12. Kim Cardashian has no talents.
13. Chase your dreams.
14. Megan’s favorite movie is Rambo First Blood Part II.
15. According to Manny, Chelsea did not leave a tip.
16. Mr. Oliver received an A in his graduate class.
17. Mr. Oliver gave Roy a very bad grade.
18. “New York New York” tends to be a famous attraction in Las Vegas.
19. Students think English sucks.
20. Sit down!
21. President O’Bama was the first African-American president of the United States of America.
22. Tommy bought his girlfriend Marlene a brand new Lamborghini.
23. Christine slept outside during the winter.
24. Ten years ago, the greatest band in the world was Hansen.
25. Stop writing on my desk!
26. You are a blue falcon.
27. Possession is nine-tenths of the law.
28. My dog ate my homework.
29. Sarah hates getting sleepy.
30. The greatest American hero will always be Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. for his dedication.
31. Iraqi’s want Americans to leave.
32. You are a coward when you neglect to do the right thing.
33. Jeopardy is on television.
34. Johnny Tsunami created the Milky Way galaxy.
35. I am tired of writing questions.
36. Seventeen children lived with the old woman in the shoe.
37. The Americans deliver a bomb to Nagasaki, Japan.
38. Santa Claus does not exist.
39. A television set costs money.
40. Offensive linemen must play with pain.
41. My aquariums need water.
42. The beautiful, blushing bride wept heavily at her ceremony.
43. It is hot in Florida.
44. Stephanie Meyer wrote the worst series of books during the 2000’s for teenagers.
45. It’s over.
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
Background and Plot: Explain the background for the play. What is the history of Oedipus and
his family? Who are Eteocles and Polyneices? Why did they fight each other? What is Creon's
edict and why did he decree it? What happens during the course of the play?
Character: Describe the character and motivation of Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon.
How are their characters revealed? What is disclosed through their interactions and
confrontations (Antigone vs. Ismene, Antigone vs. Creon, Creon vs. Haemon)? What are the
major patterns of imagery in this play and how are they connected with Antigone and Creon?
Chorus: What is the role of the chorus and the choral odes in this play?
Moral Conflict: The German philosopher Hegel stated that the Antigone represents the tragic
collision of right against right, with both sides equally justified. Do you agree with this
interpretation? Why or why not? Describe the moral positions of Antigone and Creon and point
to the scenes and dialogues which reveal them. Does Sophocles take a stand in favor of either
side? How? What vision of life, morality, and the gods' relationship with men emerges from this
play?
Women: What does this play have to say about women and their position in Greek society? The
Greek text frequently uses masculine personal pronouns for Antigone and masculine endings on
adjectives which refer to her. Why do you think this is done? What does it tell us about Greek
society's perception of Antigone?
VOCABULARY: All Vocabulary should be studied. From www.vocabtest.com
11th grade, Units 1-4, and 10th 1-4.
Words in this Test:
adulterate
ambidextrous
augment
bereft
deploy
dour
fortitude
gape
gibe
guise
insidious
intimation
opulent
pliable
reiterate
stolid
tentative
unkempt
verbatim
warily
adroit
amicable
averse
belligerent
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
benevolent
cursory
duplicity
extol
feasible
grimace
holocaust
impervious
impetus
jeopardy
meticulous
nostalgia
quintessence
retrogress
scrutinize
tepid
adversary
alienate
artifice
coerce
craven
culinary
delete
demise
exhilarate
fallow
harass
inclement
muse
negligible
perpetuate
precedent
punitive
redress
sojourn
urbane
affiliated
ascertain
attainment
bequeath
cogent
converge
disperse
esteem
expunge
finite
invulnerable
malevolent
nonchalant
omniscient
panacea
scrupulous
skulk
supercilious
uncanny
venial
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
intercede
hackneyed
approbation
innuendo
coalition
elicit
hiatus
assuage
decadence
expostulate
simulate
jaded
umbrage
prerogative
lurid
transcend
provincial
petulant
unctuous
meritorious
ex officio
infringe
callow
ameliorate
bombastic
ingratiate
epitome
aplomb
exhort
drivel
inveigh
surmise
intrinsic
occult
precipitate
lassitude
millennium
permeate
stringent
interloper
expiate
expedite
abominate
ascribe
adventitious
enjoin
commiserate
acculturation
circuitous
ferment
vitriolic
wheedle
peculate
proclivity
nominal
seditious
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
tenuous
noncommittal
sangfroid
inadvertent
1. Where and when did Sophocles live?

Athens, 5th century BC

Sparta, 12th century BC

Memphis, 8th century BC

Syracuse, AD 3rd century
2. The philosopher Aristotle wrote an influential text on drama called...

Drama for Dummies

Sophocles and the Art of Theatre

The Poetics

Four Dialogues on Drama
3. What did Greek actors wear?

Black and red garb

Nothing at all

Togas

Masks
4. Greek plays feature a group of performers who sing, dance, provide exposition
and interact with the other characters. This group is called...

The Chorus

The Bacchae

The Nymphs of Artemis

Sappho's "maidens"
5. Who was Antigone's father?
2013 Final Exam Study Guide

Apollo

Zeus

Oedipus

Creon
6. Antigone's two brothers, Eteocles and Polyneices, did what?

Ate their mother's flesh

Spied on Artemis while she was bathing

Fought on opposite sides in a war for power in Thebes

Were the greatest runner and discus thrower, respectively, at the Olympic games
7. Who is Creon?

The oldest man in Athens

Antigone's fiance

The new king of Thebes

A failed applicant to the Academy at Lesbos
8. What happened to Eteocles and Polyneices?

They were chased by agents of the gods

They died in battle

They disappeared and were never seen again

They were exiled
9. What does the king of Thebes declare?

Eteocles is to be left for the carrion animals and Polyneices thrown into the sea

Eteocles is to be given a funeral and full honors while Polyneices' body will be left
for the sun and the carrion animals

Thebes should have a drama festival to celebrate victory in war against the
Persians
2013 Final Exam Study Guide

Antigone will reign in his place while he goes into exile
10. What does Antigone ask Ismene to help her do?

Escape Thebes

Accept their fate

Bury Polyneices' body

Start an armed revolt against Creon
11. What does Ismene do when Antigone asks her for help?

She agrees to help her, but backs out at the last minute

She refuses, and is unsuccessful in persuading Antigone not to do the deed

She refuses, and is successful in dissuading Antigone from the deed

She agrees to help her, but is stopped by a sign from the oracle
12. Who does the Chorus consist of?

The Theban elders

The soldiers under Creon's command

The Priests of Apollo

The women of Corinth
13. Which of these values does Creon praise in his initial speech to the Chorus?

Loyalty to the stateWhat

Moderation

Compassion

Humility
14. The Sentry character can be seen as an experiment. In the context of Greek
drama, what is unusual about this character?

He wears a mask
2013 Final Exam Study Guide

He speaks in verse instead of prose

His speech is written in a somewhat naturalistic style

He is a slave, but is depicted with great care and sympathy
15. What does the Sentry report?

That Ismene has buried Polyneices

That someone has buried Poylneices

That Argos is preparing another attack

That someone is hiring mercenaries to fight Creon
16. The Chorus, on first hearing the Sentry's news, wonders if...

Oedipus' family will survive another war

Antigone did it

Ismene might be trying to overthrow the government

God did it
17. What does Creon tell the Sentry?

That he must find the culprit or face execution

That he must find the culprit or he and the other guards will be demoted

That he must leave Thebes in shame

That he must pray at the altar of Zeus for forgiveness
18. What/who does the Sentry bring back?

Teiresias

Guards, to fight Creon

Antigone

Polyneices' body
19. What does the Sentry witness?
2013 Final Exam Study Guide

Zeus standing over Polyneices' body in triumph

Birds glutted with blood

A sudden and mysterious dust storm, which he takes as a sign of the gods'
displeasure

Antigone and Ismene fighting over the body
20. What does Antigone do when she is brought before Creon?

Defends her actions by asserting the supremacy of divine law

Defends her actions by threatening to start an armed revolution

Defends her actions by explicitly asserting that the conscience is the highest
judge of morality

Defends her actions by claiming that Creon has no legitimate claim to the throne
Write down all Gerunds under the Gerund section, and all Infinitives under the Infinitive section. If
there aren’t any write 0 on your paper. There can be multiples. (2 pts. a piece)
Gerunds:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lennie was petting the puppy.
Lennie knew George was going to be mad about Curley’s wife.
Starving was all Elie knew.
Many Jews died from sleeping outside in the snow.
Brutus wanted to be thought of as an honorable man.
Killing Caesar was starting to become tricky business.
Infinitives:
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Lennie was petting the puppy.
Lennie knew George was going to be mad about Curley’s wife.
Starving was all Elie knew.
Many Jews died from sleeping outside in the snow.
Brutus wanted to be thought of as an honorable man.
Killing Caesar was starting to become tricky business.
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
Clauses: Look at each sentence and Identify each clause in the sentences as either Dependent or
Independent.
EXAMPLE:
D
I
1. According to Jim, Mary runs every day
2. Who’s on first
3. Because I said so
4. Because I went to prom, I had some nice memories
5. Running on low energy, I pushed through and I was still successful
6. Change my tire
7. Complex sentences are sentences where there is a dependent and independent clause
combined as on solid sentence and compound complex sentences have two independent
clauses
8. Simple sentences have a subject, verb and object
9. Yesterday, during homeroom, I slept
10. For the fourth of July
Novel Studies Questions: Answer the following questions to help you remember key concepts
from the text.
13. Which statement from the novel reveals the author’s initial bias toward African-Americans?
a. “it don’t bother the stable buck none”
b. “ya see, the stable buck’s a nigger”
c. “Helluva good fighter too”
d. “Never gives nobody else a chance to win”
14. The author would most likely make the statement that:
a. women have no place on a migrant worker ranch
b. blacks are inferior workers
c. employers are corrupt and crooked
d. mentally handicapped people shouldn’t work
15. According to the following line, which action will George most likely take in the future?
a. he will keep Slim around as a his new friend
b. He will spend all of his money on whiskey and cathouses
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
c. He will fight Carlson for his insensitivity
d. He will quit his current job and buy the farm anyway
16. Read this sentence from the passage. “Blacksmith by the name of Whitey.” What literary
device does the writer use in the sentence?
a. Irony
b. Satire
c. Understatement
d. Soliloquy
17.
a.
b.
c.
d.
How does the setting of the novel contribute to the development of the narrative?
nature creates tone and mood
nature functions as a narrator that uses symbolism to tell the story
nature is a model for technology
nature describes the possibilities of an employer/employee relationship
18. According to the novel, Egwugu, serve what purpose in tribal life.
A. They represent the minor gods and goddesses
B. They function as the court system when troubles between members arise
C. They lead the missionaries from the white church
D. They perform the actions from both B and C
19. Read the following passage:” Dangerous animals became even more sinister and uncanny in the
dark.” Which figurative language description is most accurate.
A. Metaphor for the new white church
B. Irony because it happens in Africa
C. Hyperbole, they are always dangerous
D. Simile comparing Okonkwo to Amalize the Cat
20. What is Okonkwo’s father’s name?
A. Obierka
B. Isaac
C. Nwoye
D. Unoka
21. How many wives does Okonkwo have at the end of the novel?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 8
22. According to the novel, what is an obi?
A. The male’s hut
B. The wives’ hut
C. The children’s hut
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
D. The Egwugwu’s hug
23. Read the following excerpt from the opening poem: “Turning and turning in the widening gyre, The
falcon cannot hear the falconer.” What is the most likely definition for the word, gyre? (Look at
context clues and roots)
A) Room
B) Circle
C) length of cord
D) River
24. Why are people who commit suicide buried in the Evil Forest?
A) They have sinned against the earth
B) The Bible mandates this
C) The Egwugu have ruled that they must
D) The families cannot afford to bury them
25. Ezinma is called an ogbanje. Why?
A) She is a great musician
B) She is an only child
C) She is frequently ill and perceived to be cursed
D) She was pregnant and miscarried
26. Read the following excerpt: “At the mention of Ezinma’s name Ekwefi jerked her head sharply like
an animal that had sniffed death in the air,” What type of figurative language is being used here?
A) Personification
B) Metaphor
C) Imagery
D) Simile
27. Read the following excerpt: “Why do you stand there as though she had been kidnapped?” What
archetype is best represented here regarding Okonkwo?
A) Caregiver
B) Autocrat
C) Critic
D) Rebel
28. Read the following excerpt: “When the moon rose late in the night, people said it was refusing
food, as a sullen husband refuses his wife’s food when they have quarreled.” What type of figurative
language is being used?
A) Personification
B) Onomatopoeia
C) Metaphor
D) Idiom
29. Which archetype does Okonkwo exhibit at the end of the chapter where Ezinma is carried through
the jungle to the enchanted caves?
A) Rebel
B) Autist
C) Director
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
30. What does the word rhetoric mean?
b. Most available means of persuasion
c. Lying
d. Irrelevance
e. cheating
31What does the word ethos mean?
f. Logical appeal
g. Ethical appeal
h. Emotional appeal
i. A Greek God
32What does the word pathos mean?
j. Logical appeal
k. Ethical appeal
l. Emotional appeal
m. A Greek God
33What does the word logos mean?
n. Logical appeal
o. Ethical appeal
p. Emotional appeal
q. A Greek God
34What does the word metacognition mean?
r. thinking about thinking
s. dreaming about dreaming
t. nothing, it’s made up
u. all of the above
35What does the word satire mean?
v. Irony
w. To stop working
x. Humor
y. Attack against commonly held beliefs and practices
36What does the word wit mean?
z. snappy comeback
aa. pun
bb. together
cc. ignorant
37What does the word irony mean?
dd. expects to happen
ee. opposite of what is expected to happen
ff. nothing happens
gg. it’s a dramatic situation
38What does the word paradox mean?
hh. opposite ends of an ideal
ii. same side of an ideal
jj. equal ground
kk. none of the above
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
39What does the word etymology mean?
ll. study of ety
mm.
study of etym
nn. study of word origin
oo. study of emo
40What does the word dicton mean?
pp. to speak
qq. to look up
rr. word choice
ss. vowel choice
41What does the word syntax mean?
tt. arrangement of a score
uu. arrangement of words in a sentence
vv. unorganized
ww.
organized
42What does the word connotation mean?
xx. words with negative meanings
yy. words with positive meanings
zz. words with neither positive or negative meanings
aaa.
all of the above
43What does the word allusion mean?
bbb.
reference to a well known text
ccc. see something that isn’t there
ddd.
all are equal
eee.
to evade capture
44What does the word discourse mean?
fff. an expected outcome
ggg.
a community specific discussion on a topic
hhh.
a community law
iii. none of the above
You must be able to use each of the following graphic organizers. I will give you a short piece on the
test and ask you to fill out the organizer appropriately.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
Metacognitive markers
Twist
Pee paragraph
Soapstone
Tp-cast
T-chart
Frayer model
Figurative language notecards
Flash cards
Grammar flip charts
Venn diagram
Timeline manipulatives
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
M. One sentence summary
Archetpyes: use the following list of characters and identify each of their primary archetypes.
Antigone
Creon
Ismene
Ekwefi
Lenny
George
Slim
The boy from the Singapore article
Haemon
Teiresias
Boss
The presenter from the TED video entitled “Video Games Change the World”
The Guard
Okonkwo
Obierka
Mr. Smith
Mr. Brown
The Cookie Monster's Dilemma
by Catharine Hoarder
Too much variety often makes decisions harder to make. This is especially true for self-proclaimed cookie monsters who
plan to make or purchase cookies. This dilemma is easy to understand since each popular variety has its own special
something.
Drop cookies are super tasty and easy to make. The stiff dough can be dropped straight from the spoon to the baking
sheet without any fuss because they flatten when baking. Chocolate chip and oatmeal cookies "fall" into this category.
Sandwich cookies are incredibly tempting, though. They consist of two pressed or rolled cookies with a filling in between.
Nutter Butter and Oreo cookies from Nabisco are examples of sandwich cookies. The Double Doozie sold by Great
American Cookies is another that is filled with sinfully sweet chocolate or vanilla frosting.
However, bar cookies are hard to ignore. Ingredients are place in a pan, often in many layers. When done, the baked goody
is cut into bars. Brownies, lemon squares, and baklava are well-known bar cookies.
Although molded cookies are a bit more work, their appearance is worth the elbow grease and/or extra money. These
cookies are made from stiff dough and have to be molded by hand before baking. The dough is molded into a specific form
or rolled with a rolling pin and cut with cookie cutters, like Christmas cookies. Sugar cookies and gingerbread men are
molded cookies.
What method of organization is used in the passage above?
A.
B.
C.
D.
cause and effect
compare and contrast
problem and solution
classification
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
Question 2
0
Add
Mr. Bean's Holiday is a 2007 film shot on location in Europe. Rowan Atkinson plays Mr. Bean, a quirky British character
who wins a vacation to Cannes, France, in a church raffle. During his trip, he videotapes his adventures. He embarks on a
train from London to Paris.
One of his first mishaps occurs when he accidentally boards a taxi that is headed in the wrong direction. After walking
back to the correct part of the city, he stops at a restaurant. The waiter serves a seafood platter to Mr. Bean, who hides
oysters inside the purse of an unsuspecting woman. Mr. Bean escapes the restaurant and catches his train. He asks a man
to videotape him boarding the train. After the man does so, the train doors close, separating the Russian man from his
young son, who is on the train with Mr. Bean.
Mr. Bean spends the rest of the movie trying to help the Russian boy find his father. Mr. Bean misplaces his wallet. After
earning money as street performers at a French market, Mr. Bean and the boy separate. Alone in his journey, Mr. Bean
borrows a motorbike and accidentally finds himself on the set of a TV commercial. One of the actresses offers him a ride in
her car. During the trip, the Russian boy finds Mr. Bean. The actress catches a glimpse of a TV news story and discovers
that Mr. Bean has been accused of kidnapping the Russian boy.
The three characters arrive at the Cannes Film Festival. Mr. Bean and the Russian boy enter the festival disguised as
females. Then, during the premiere of the actress' movie, Mr. Bean sneaks into the projection room and plugs his video
camera into the projector. Footage of the actress, Mr. Bean, and the Russian boy play for the audience at the Cannes Film
Festival. The Russian boy's father is a jury member at the festival, and the two are reunited. Finally, Mr. Bean arrives at the
beach, where he had wanted to go during the entire movie.
Why is this passage organized chronologically?
A. A biography highlights specific events in an actor's life in the order in which they
occurred.
B. A short story entertains the reader with a humorous plot and complex characters.
C. A movie review summarizes the plot and contains a reviewer's opinions about the
movie.
D. A movie summary summarizes the plot and describes the events of the movie in order.
Question 3
0
Add
Singles Versus Doubles Tennis
Although the same scoring and most of the same rules are used, there are many differences between doubles and singles
tennis beyond the obvious difference of the number of players participating. In tennis, a point is scored when the other
player either hits the ball out of bounds or misses it. Singles tennis, involving just one player on each side of the net,
tends to be a slower game than doubles, with many of the points consisting of long rallies back and forth. Doubles, on the
other hand, can be characterized by a lightning-fast volley of shots at the net and very few long rallies, making for much
shorter points. Doubles is sometimes compared to checkers and singles to chess, as the slower game of singles requires
more use of strategy.
On the technical side, the singles player must cover a great deal of ground, scrambling to return shots from all corners of
the court. In contrast, although the boundaries of the doubles court are a few feet wider, having two players on each side
means there is far less territory for each person to cover. One player is responsible for the net area and the other covers
the back court, so there is much less running involved.
Some players prefer the singles game because each player is solely responsible for returning the opponent’s shot. Both
the credit for winning a point and the blame for losing rest squarely on the shoulders of the individual. In doubles, on the
other hand, if the player at the net misses the ball, his or her partner in the back court can often “save” the point. This can
sometimes lead to a stronger player “carrying” a weaker partner and still winning the match. Perhaps because singles
requires more strategizing than doubles, and arguably more athleticism, many tennis aficionados consider singles to be
the more “serious” game.
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
In the article above, how is singles tennis contrasted with doubles?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Singles is said to be more like the game of checkers.
Singles players have to cover far less ground.
Singles tennis is played on a wider court.
Singles involves more strategy and longer points.
Question 4
0
Add
Singles Versus Doubles Tennis
Although the same scoring and most of the same rules are used, there are many differences between doubles and singles
tennis beyond the obvious difference of the number of players participating. In tennis, a point is scored when the other
player either hits the ball out of bounds or misses it. Singles tennis, involving just one player on each side of the net,
tends to be a slower game than doubles, with many of the points consisting of long rallies back and forth. Doubles, on the
other hand, can be characterized by a lightning-fast volley of shots at the net and very few long rallies, making for much
shorter points. Doubles is sometimes compared to checkers and singles to chess, as the slower game of singles requires
more use of strategy.
On the technical side, the singles player must cover a great deal of ground, scrambling to return shots from all corners of
the court. In contrast, although the boundaries of the doubles court are a few feet wider, having two players on each side
means there is far less territory for each person to cover. One player is responsible for the net area and the other covers
the back court, so there is much less running involved.
Some players prefer the singles game because each player is solely responsible for returning the opponent’s shot. Both
the credit for winning a point and the blame for losing rest squarely on the shoulders of the individual. In doubles, on the
other hand, if the player at the net misses the ball, his or her partner in the back court can often “save” the point. This can
sometimes lead to a stronger player “carrying” a weaker partner and still winning the match. Perhaps because singles
requires more strategizing than doubles, and arguably more athleticism, many tennis aficionados consider singles to be
the more “serious” game.
According to the article above, how do the technical aspects of doubles tennis compare to those
of the singles game?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Each doubles player must cover the entire court area.
The doubles court is wider than the singles court.
Doubles players have to run further than singles players.
The doubles court is longer than the singles court.
Question 5
0
Add
The Early History of Baseball
Played everywhere from major league stadiums to backyards, baseball is a United States’ national pastime.
Though people have speculated about its origins for years, many believe that baseball grew out of cricket and rounders,
two popular British sports. Once coming to the U.S., however, the rules began to change, and different versions of the
sport could be found across the country as early as the late 1700s. By 1835, these versions were dubbed with colorful
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
names like New York ball, town ball, and one old cat. In fact, there’s some debate over whether it was even called baseball
at this point because bases (actually, sand-filled sacks) weren’t used until the 1840s.
Although players nationwide invented their own rules for this increasingly popular sport, a U.S. Military Academy cadet
named Abner Doubleday is credited with designing the first baseball diamond and standardizing the rules in 1839. Even
these aspects of baseball subsequently took on some controversy. In 1845, the Knickerbocker Baseball Club formed in
New York City, and credit for both the diamond and rules were later attributed to this club’s members.
Whether or not the Knickerbockers created the modern rules and playing field, they certainly had a significant impact on
baseball as we know it today. Around 1848, the team eliminated an important—and painful—rule known as “plugging,” in
which a base runner could be hit with a ball to be tagged out. About a year later, the Knickerbockers became the first team
to wear uniforms.
The 1850s through the 1870s marked an important era in baseball’s history. The rules became even more standardized by
a group known as the National Association of Baseball Players. An interesting (and long dead) rule enacted by the
association in 1859 prohibited baseball players from being paid! Although baseball was becoming more popular, it wasn’t
deemed “professional” until 1869, and by the 1870s, professional clubs were forming in New York City, Boston, Chicago,
and other cities that still have teams today. In 1876, the National League was formed. It would take another 24 years before
the American League was created.
In 1903, the two leagues came up with a very unique idea—a little game called the World Series—which seems to have
caught on.
Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the article?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The article mostly follows a progression through time.
The article compares and contrasts various events.
The article moves randomly through various events.
The article uses cause and effect to guide the article.
Question 6
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The Pilgrims, as we call them now, didn’t have the intention of making history as early American settlers. In fact, their
primary concern in the early 1600s was to be free from the religious confines of England.
In the 1500s, England made a bold move. It decided to break free from Catholicism and create its own church called, quite
aptly, the Church of England. Belonging to the Church of England was made mandatory. Those who wished to continue
practicing Catholicism—or any other religion—were no longer welcome in England. In fact, fearing what King James I
would do to them, one group fled to Holland in 1608 rather than become part of the Church of England.
A man named William Bradford had his own bold idea. He obtained permission to lead a group of “Separatists” (now
called Pilgrims) to Virginia, where they could build their own colony and practice their religion freely. He was granted
permission, and in September 1620, 101 people boarded the Mayflower and headed to Virginia.
Unfortunately for the Separatists, the weather had other ideas. A huge storm in the Atlantic Ocean resulted in navigational
errors and knocked the Mayflower off course. Two months into the journey, the Mayflower was headed toward Cape Cod,
Massachusetts, which is about 500 miles north of Virginia. But after months at sea, the Separatists were happy to set foot
on dry land, even if it was not the intended site of their new colony. Naming the area Plymouth, it is now considered the
first permanent settlement in New England.
According to the article, what caused the Separatists to settle in Massachusetts?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They were forced to worship the Church of England.
King James I chased them out of England in 1608.
They were granted permission to settle in Plymouth.
The Mayflower was blown off course by a huge storm.
2013 Final Exam Study Guide
Question 7
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Deforestation
Deforestation is the clearing of large amounts of the Earth's forests, which can cause damage to the land. Forests are cut
down for a variety of reasons. Farmers often cut down trees to make room for crops or for grazing land. Logging to
produce wood and paper products also accounts for much deforestation. Trees are cleared to make room for "urban
sprawl" as cities expand into the countryside. Other causes of deforestation include natural events such as wildfires.
Deforestation has negative effects on the environment. One of the most serious is the loss of habitat for millions of
species. The majority of plants and animals make their home in forests, and these homes are destroyed when forests are
cut down.
In addition, removing trees destroys parts of the forest canopy. The canopy normally functions to block the sun during the
day and retain heat at night. The extreme temperature shifts that result from large holes in the canopy are very harmful to
plants and animals.
Trees play a vital role in absorbing greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. When forests disappear, it means
more greenhouse gases are released, which speeds up the global warming process.
It is highly unlikely that people will simply stop cutting down forests completely. A more practical approach is to reduce or
eliminate the practice of clear-cutting and ensure that forest environments are well-managed and cared for.
Based on this article, which is one example of the effect deforestation has on the environment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It speeds up the process of global warming.
It reduces grazing land available to farmers.
It creates a habitat for plants and animals.
It helps forests retain heat at night.
You should also study Connotation, Text Features, Text Structures, Multiple
Meaning Words, and Theme.