Quick Check
• What happened to Muhammad’s
parents?
• Is Islam Mono or Poly theistic?
• What job did Muhammad have?
• What were the two major cities on
the Arabian Peninsula?
The World of
Islam
Chapter 26
Arabian Peninsula Before Islam
•
•
•
•
•
Polytheistic – animism
Bedouins – nomadic people
Oral history
Judaism & Christianity
Mecca – leading town
– Diffusion – goods, people,
• Kaaba – place of worship in Mecca
– Filled with Idols
– Sacred Stone – black stone
Islam
• Monotheistic – like Judaism & Christianity
• Began in 7th century
• Written History – Arabic Language
• Prophet – Muhammad, wife Khadija
• Book – Koran, Qur'an
• 5 pillars
The Rise of Islam
• The Arabian Peninsula was a
major trade route with many
travelers
• Mecca and Yathrib were
leading trading towns
• Mecca was the home of the
Kaaba
• Kaaba: sacred shrine of Arabs
Kaaba
• Built by Abraham - Jewish
• Pilgrims flocked to the Kaaba
• It contained images of Arab
gods
• And the Sacred Black Stone
• Black Stone – Arabs believe it
is a meteorite from heaven
• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/70
1230/circling_the_kaaba/
The prophet Muhammad
• Born in Mecca about 570
• Orphaned and raised by an
uncle
• Worked as a caravan leader
for a rich woman named
Khadija
• She encouraged him to fast
and pray in the desert
Muhammad
• During one retreat he heard a
message from the angel
Gabriel
• He was told to preach to the
people
• Khadija encouraged him to do
as he was instructed
Islam Questions
• List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam
• What is the Koran?
• Who are the People of the Book?
• List ethical standards Muslims must
follow
• Why did Islam expand? 3 reasons
• What are the two branches of Islam?
• When did the division in Islam occur?
Islam – Empire of Faith
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the hejira?
Identify Yathrib & Medina
Who are the People of the Book?
Why did the people of Mecca fight
Muhammad and the people of
Yathrib/Medina?
5. How did Muhammad gain control of
Mecca?
6. What happened to the Kaaba after
Muhammad gained control of Mecca?
Islam – Empire of Faith
• Why does Islam spread rapidly?
• Why does Islam divide after
Muhammad’s death?
• Does Muhammad’s death help Islam
spread?
• List 10 Great Achievements of Early
Muslim Empires
• How did the Crusades unify Muslims?
• List strengths of the Ottoman Empire
• List Great Ottoman Leaders
Quick Review
• What does Islam - ‫ اإلسالم‬- mean in
Arabic?
• Why did Islam split after
Muhammad’s death?
• What are the two branches of Islam?
• What event brought anti-Muslim
feelings in Europe?
Islam Class Work
• Vocab
• Religion Comparison Chart
• Religion
– Belief in God, 5 Pillars, Koran &
Tradition, People of the Book
• Art, Architecture, Literature
• Algebra & Trigonometry,
Engineering, Astronomy, Medicine
• People
– Muhammad, Saladin, Mamun, Rumi,
Mehmed, Suleyman
Islam Questions
• List achievements of the Arab Empires
(Umayyad & Abbasid)
• Where was the center/capital of the
Umayyad Dynasty?
• Where was the center/capital of the
Abbasid Dynasty?
• Who is Muhammad al-Razi?
• What trade routes helped usher in the
Golden Age of Islam?
• What advances in learning came from the
Golden age of Islam?
Muhammad
• He won few converts, Arabs
were polytheistic
• Town leaders did not people to
stop making the pilgrimage to
the Kaaba
• He was kicked out of Mecca
when Khadija died
• Muhammad was welcomed as a
leader in the city of Medina
Islam: the people
•
•
•
•
Qur'an, Koran – Muslim Holy book
Islam – means submission
~1.2 billion Muslims in the world; 22%
Caliph – successor to Muhammad
– Sunni – election from religious leaders 90%
of Muslims worldwide
– Shi’a – descendent of Muhammad
• Imam – prayer leader
• Ayatollah – important Shi’a clergyman
• People of the Book – Christians and Jews
The 5 Pillars
•
•
•
•
One God
Prayer – 5 times a day
Charity
Pilgrimage – to Mecca once in your
life
• Fasting – During Month of Ramadan
Sunni – Green; Shi’a - Blue
Foreign Invaders to the Middle East
• Seljuk's
– Muslims from Turkey
– Seized Baghdad
– Weakened Byzantine Empire
• Mongols
– From Central Asia
– Defeated Seljuk's for Baghdad
– Led by Genghis Khan
– Converted to Islam
Foreign Invaders to the Middle East
• Crusaders
– From Europe
– Fought for control of holy land,
Jerusalem
– Muslims retained control
• The beginnings – 5 pts
Islam Review
– Mecca, Kaaba (sacred shrine for polytheistic Arabs), Centers of Trade,
People of the Book
• Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts
– Orphaned & raised by uncle, trader, Khadija (wife), not liked in Mecca
because of monotheistic beliefs, flees Mecca and goes to Medina,
Hejira
– Saladin – Soldier
– Mamun – Scholar
– Sulyeman – Sultan
• Beliefs/Pillars – 5 pts
– 5 Prayers, Pilgrimage, 1 God, Fasting, Charity
• Achievements – 5 pts
– Hospitals, algebra, germs cause disease, medicine, scientific method,
eyes and , cataracts, lenses & surgery, engineering, House of Wisdom,
writing, numbers
• Sects/Invaders – 5 pts
–
–
–
–
–
Sunni – caliph can be any elected leader – 90%
Shi’a – caliph needs to be descendent of Muhammad – 10%
Seljuks – Turkey – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)
Mongols – Central Asia – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)
Crusaders – Europe – capture Jerusalem (Fertile Crescent)
The Two Empires
• The Ottomans – Turks – Sunni
• The Safavid – Persians - Shiite
Safavid Empire
• Rivals of the Ottomans
• Shah – Leader of Safavid Empire
• Abbas the Great – most famous
leader
• Strengths – same as Ottomans
• Modern Day Iran
Person
Saladin*
Mamun*
Rumi
Mehmed
Suleyman*
Achievement
(profession &
successes)
Person
Saladin*
Mamun*
Rumi
Mehmed
Suleyman*
Achievement
(profession &
successes)
Profession – King & Soldier
•
Hero of the Crusades for Muslims
•
Captured Damascus (syria), Aleppo , Mosul (Iraq)
Profession - Caliph & Governor, SCHOLAR
•
Translated books in to Arabic
Profession –
•
Wrote largest collection of Poetry in ME
Profession –
•
•
•
Conqueror
Extended Ottoman Empire & reorganized territories
Established Code of Laws
Profession
•
Poet
Sultan – Leader/King
Architecture – Fix Dome of the Rock
Reorganized set of laws
The Ottoman
Empire
Great Ottoman Sultans
• Sultan – Arabic word for Strength or
Power
• Osman I – 1299-1324 – Ottoman
Empire named after him
• Mehmed II – 1451-1481 – Ruled
twice & Conquered Constantinople
• Suleyman I – 1520-1566 – Longest
ruling Sultan
• Mehmed II
FATİH (The Conqueror)
– Conquered Constantinople in 1453
– Converted Hagia Sofia, Christian Church
into Muslim Mosque
• Suleyman I
MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or
KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)
The Ottomans were:
•Turkish (capital
Istanbul)
•Muslim
•The largest
empire in the
world
Five Ottoman Strengths:
1. Respected people they
conquered (millett)
2. Fearless army
3. Always improved technology
4. Control Trade
5. Strong Leaders
The Ottoman Government
• Empire reigned 600 years, until end
WWI
• Sultan – led with absolute power
• Men of the Pen • Men of the Sword
Ottoman Empire
What was the
source of
Ottoman
power?
1. Control of Trade
•Location on the
east/west trade
route
•Control of the
Waterways
2. Wealth from
trade
3. Superior
technology
(the benefit of
diffusion)
How did the
empire end?
The Europeans
destroyed their
strengths.
Ottoman Strengths
#1: Control of trade
•Europeans broke this
strength by going
around Africa and
gaining control of
trade.
Ottoman Strength
#2: Wealth
•Discovery of the New
World leads to fantastic
wealth for Europe from
Aztec and Inca gold and
silver.
Ottoman Strength #3:
Technology
•The industrial revolution
surpassed the Ottoman
superiority in technology
especially in production of
guns and munitions and other
products necessary for war.
The Empire Ends
Three reasons:
1. Nationalism: People
ruled by the Ottomans
wanted independence.
•Europeans: Serbs,
Croats, Bulgarians,
Greeks.
•Arabs
2. European
Imperialism:
•Industrial revolution caused a
need for raw materials
•European industries wanted
new markets
•Large navies developed by
Europe to control trade
3. Competition
between
European nations
led to WWI in
1914
The Ottomans
sided with
Germany and
lost.
The Arab
territories were
divided up
between Great
Britain and
France.
Turkey became
a republic
The Balfour
Declaration
•Great Britain
promised the same
land to the Jews and
the Palestinian Arabs.
Patterns of Life – page 580
Village
1.
sheep and goats
2.
Setup near water (river,
oasis, coast, lake)
3.
Farming – wheat olives
4.
Men and women,
specialize jobs
Nomadic
1.
Moved from oasis to
oasis
2.
Lived with few
resources
3.
Fights all the time
4.
known and Bedouins*
City
1.
Protected by high
walls
2.
many cities developed
3.
suq (markets)
4.
mosque
Family (more important than
individual)
1.
Patriarchal – controlled
or ruled by men/
Matriarchal- women
2.
Arranged marriage
3.
Divorce easier for men
(3 times)
4.
Men can have 4 wivesprovide equally
5.
Children must obey
their parents
Women
•
Had to obey fathers ->
husband -> oldest son
(Subordinate)
•
Modest and secluded
within home
•
Wore certain clothingveiled face (custom
from India)
•
Education
•
Right to own property
Conclusion
Page 583
1, 3, 4, 5
Patterns of Life – page 580
Village
1.
2.
3.
Family-Center of the
village culture.
Patriarchal-Ruled by
father
Jobs-Specialized jobs
Houses-Small, made of
mud bricks.
4.
Family
1.
2.
3.
Arranged marriages
a man can have up to
4 wives
divorce is easier for
men then women
Nomadic
1.
Lived in small tribal
groups
2.
Constantly on the move
3.
Lived with scarce sources
of water
4.
Bedouins
5.
Nomads often came into
contact with government
and villagers
6.
7.
8.
City
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
High city walls and narrow
streets
Suq was the market place
Mosques were the center
of life
Domascus old trading city
Women
Conclusion
1. Had to obey men Page 583
< awesome.
1, 3, 4, 5
2. concealed bodies
from other men
3.
had a right to
•Page 2 – Nomadic Life:
Bedouin, Highland
Nomads, conflicts
•Page 3 – City Life:
reasons for
development, major
cities, mosques, suq
•Page 4 – Family Life:
Koran, marriage, divorce
•Page 5 – Women’s Lives:
Koran, mothers,
women’s rights
Review ?s
•Page 583
•3
•4
•5
On the Test
• Islam
• Centuries of Turmoil
– Conquerors of ME
– Ottomans/Safavids
– Golden Age
• Patterns of life
• Imperialism & Nationalism
–
–
–
–
Egypt
Iran
Turkey
Palestine
Test Questions
Writing Section
1&2
Three Nations Modernize
Egypt
Turkey
When did
they become
independent?
Who was
famous
leader?
Review Questions on Palestine
Page 588
1, 3, 6
Vocabulary Review
Page 589
Vocab 1-5
Iran
Turkey Becomes a Country
• The Turks created
their country after
WWI
• Kemal Ataturk
abolished the
Ottoman Empire
and made Turkey
a Republic
• Ataturk means
‘Father of the
Turks’
Ataturk’s Reforms
• The government built industry
• Separate church and state (secular)
– Western law replaced Islamic law
– Women could vote and hold public office
– Public schools separate from religious
schools
• Turkey began using the western
calendar, alphabet, clothing (no veils in
public)
Egypt
• Egypt became a
battle ground
between the British
and French
• Both countries
wanted to build a
canal across the
Isthmus of Suez
• Muhammad Ali:
Fought against the
French; became
governor of Egypt
Ali’s Reforms
• Brought in Europeans to teach
military tactics and scientific
training
• Improved farming techniques;
introduced cash crops (tobacco,
cotton, sugar)
• Crushed Egyptian economy
because he borrowed too much
money from European countries
France & Britain control Egyptian
Economy
• France won the right to build the
Suez Canal in 1859; Canal opened
1869
• Britain bought control of the Suez
Canal to help the Egyptian
government
• Egypt wins independence in 1922
• Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal
from Britain in 1956
Iran
• Britain and Russia
competed over Iran to
gain access to the
Persian Gulf
• Reza Khan led the
Iranians to remove
foreign control of his
country
• Under his direction Iran
adopted western culture
– Clothing, women’s
rights, education,
government
Palestine/Israel
• Great Britain controlled Palestine 20’s
& 30’s
• Jews wanted to return to Jerusalem
since the Diaspora of 70 A.D.
• Jews faced anti-Semitism as they tried
to create their own state
• Theodor Herzl led the Zionist
movement, movement to create a
Jewish state
Balfour Declaration
• A British document which declared
Palestine as the national home for
the Jewish People
• The document also said “…nothing
should be done which may prejudice
the civil and religious rights of
existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine…”
• That meant Palestine belonged to
Arabs because they lived there
Arabs in Palestine
• Wealthy Arab business men sold their
farms to Jewish immigrants
• Arab farmers fought against losing
their land
• Arabs attacked new Jewish
settlements, Jewish people fought
back
• War comes to Palestine