Chapter Twelve
• Organization Size,
• Life Cycle, and Decline
•課程教授：任維廉教授
• 報告學生：楊逢新
• 報告日期: 12/28
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1
outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Organization Size: Is Bigger Better?
What is Bureaucracy?
Organizational Life Cycle
Organization Characteristics During Four
Stages of Life Cycle
Organizational Size, Bureaucracy, and Control
Bureaucracy in a Changing World
Bureaucracy versus Other Forms of Control
Organizational Decline
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
2
Differences Between Large and
Small Organizations
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3
Organization Size: Is Bigger Better?
• Pressures for Growth
– Companies in all industries strive for growth to
acquire the size and resources needed to compete
globally
– Size enables companies to take risks
• Dilemmas of Large Size
– Large organizations are able to get back to business
more quickly following a disaster
– Large companies are standardized, mechanistic and
complex
– Small companies are flexible and can be responsive
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
4
Organization Size: Is Bigger Better?
(續)
• Big-Company / Small-Company Hybrid
– Large companies can retain flexibility and customerfocus by decentralizing authority, cutting out layers of the
hierarchy, and using information technology.
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
What is Bureaucracy?
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6
Weber’s Dimensions of Bureaucracy
and Bases of Organizational Authority
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
7
Organizational Life Cycle
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
8
Organization Characteristics During Four
Stages of Life Cycle
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
9
Size and Structural Control
• Formalization – rules, procedures, and
written documentation
• Centralization – level of hierarchy with
authority to make decisions
• Personnel Ratios – clerical and
professional support staff ratios
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10
Percentage of Personnel Allocated to
Administrative and Support Activities
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
11
Bureaucracy in a Changing World
• Bureaucracy worked for the industrial age
• The system no longer works for today’s
challenges
• Today bureaucracy leads to inefficiency
• Organizations are creating temporary
structures to respond to crisis
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
12
Approaches to Busting Bureaucracy
• Cutting layers of hierarchy
• Maintaining light headquarter staff
• Empowering lower-level workers
• The increasing professionalism of
employees is attacking bureaucracy
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
13
Bureaucracy versus Other
Forms of Control
Type
Requirements
Bureaucracy Rules, standards, hierarchy,
legitimate authority
Market
Prices, competition, exchange,
relationship
Clan
Tradition, shared values and
beliefs, trust
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
14
Organizational Decline
The decrease of an organization’s resources
is caused by:
– Organizational atrophy
– Vulnerability
– Environmental decline or competition
Downsizing refers to intentionally reducing the size of a
company’s workforce
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
15
A Model of Decline Stages
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
16
Downsizing Implementation
1) Consider voluntary programs
2) Communicate more, not less
3) Allow employees to leave with dignity
4) Provide assistance to displaced
workers
5) Use ceremonies to reduce anger and
confusion
6) Comfort not to displaced workers
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
17
Discussion
(1)本文第一章節有提到 Big-company/smallcompany hybrid的公司型態，那麼什麼樣
的組織適合這種類型呢？
(2)當組織發生嚴重的衰退期，除了利用裁員
使公司精簡化，減少成本之外，還有其他
方法可以使公司起死回生嗎?
© 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
18