Transmission of Wind
Power in Electrical Grids –
problems and future
Prof. Dr.- Ing. habil. Rainer Haller
University of West Bohemia Pilsen
1 Introduction
2 Transmission Grids- situation and problems
3 Grid Optimization
4 Conclusion
challenges to the transmission systems
Increasing of large
(wind) power flow
from North (EU) to
South (EU)
significant
increasing of
intereuropean
electricity trade
activities on EEX over cross border lines (2001)
DK
bottlenecks
with planned
schedules
UK
NL
B
PL
D
CZ
F
CH
A
SK
HU
I
SP
significant differences of
planned schedules to real load
flow  critical grid situations
development of wind power plants up to 2030 –
Germany
Installed Wind Power per year (in MW, kum.)
Install. Kapazität 2010:
27,5 GW (kum.)
Quelle: DEWI, 2008 (WindEnergy-Studie 2008.
Large Wind Scenario and Power Flows (UCTE)
source: EWIS
Offshore- Projects in the North Sea
380-kV-UW
220-kV-UW
DK
Kraftwerk
Bürgerwindpark
Butendiek 240 MW
Dan Tysk 1500 MW
Nordsee
Sandbank 2600 MW
Nördlicher Grund 2100 MW
OWP Nordsee ? MW
3680 MW
Borkum West 1040 MW
Borkum Riffgrund West 2290 MW
Borkum Riffgrund 625 MW
Hochsee WP Nordsee 2900 MW
4340 MW
Nordsee-Ost 400 MW
Amrumbank West 1760 MW
Schl.-Holst. Nordsee 500 MW
(test field)
UW
Emden
NL
3200 MW
UW Diele
UW Flensburg
UW Audorf
Meerwind 1020 MW
UW Brunsbüttel
8285 MW
North Sea Windpower
1430 MW
Alpha ventus
1200 MW
Nordergründe 240 MW
UW
Wilhemshaven
UW Conneforde
UW Dollern
Offshore-WP 16.000 MW
Kraftwerke
6.500 MW
Offshore- Projects in the Baltic Sea (2008)
14 OWP-Netzanschlussanträge
OWP-Standorte (4 z.Z. genehmigt)
13
Kriegers Flak 1
ArkonaSee Ost
ArkonaArkonaVentotec Ost 2
See
See
Adlergrund
Arcadis West
Süd
Gap*
Ost 1
Adlergrund
500
DK
ArkonaBecken
Südost
Baltic 1
Fehmarn
FairWind
Beltsee
Rügen
Beta Baltic
SchleswigHolstein
Lüdershagen
Bentwisch
Usedom
Lubmin
PL
MecklenburgVorpommern
Hamburg
Summe:
© VE-T / T-XK
* Alternativantrag: Arcadis Ost 2
~ 4.200 MW
transport of large wind power in german grids
 4 TSO´s (D)
ensoe (2009)
transport of large wind power in german grids
 wind power from North Sea and adjacent region
--> (former) E.ON- transpower
 wind power from Baltic Sea and adjacent region
--> (former) Vattenfall- transmission net
1 Introduction
2 Transmission Grids- situation and problems
3 Grid Optimization
4 Conclusion
power flow and windpower feeding - general
without windpower
G
with windpower
380/220 kV
G
grid
grid
110 kV
110 kV
grid
grid
20 kV
20 kV
grid
load
380/220 kV
distribution
grid
load
„smart grid“ ?
required control power
controlling
400 MW
in 15 min
1600
jumps in 24h
Leistung MW
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Zeit
stochastic generation
in one week
2500
variance
1700 MW
Leistung MW
2000
1500
1000
500
source: e.on
0
1
Mo 97
Di
193
Mi 289
Do385
Fr
481
Sa 577 So
00:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
09:00
08:00
0
grid characteristic VE Transmission – 2008
Energinet.dk
Bjæverskov
Lüdershagen
Rostock
Iztzehoe
Siedenbrünzow
Audorf
Iven
Itzehoe/
Brokdorf
Brunsbüttel
Stade
Dollern
Lubmin
Bentwisch
Wilster
Kummerfeld
Wilster
Lübeck
area
Güstrow
HH-Nord
habitant :
Pasewalk
Krümmel
Landesbergen
Wessin
HH-Süd
Bertikow
Putlitz
Perleberg
Krajnik
PSE-O S.A.
Nauen Hennigsdorf
E.ON Netz
Brandenburg/
West
Neuenhagen
b c d ee
g
f
Helmstedt
Pinstall. (wind): ~ 9.680 MW (~41%)*
vertical grid load : ~ 10.550 MW
Malchow
Reuter
a
Wustermark
f
grid length :
Thyrow
Wolmirstedt
~ 18,3 Mio. (~22%)*
consumption: ~ 96 TWh (~19%)*
Vierraden
Stadorf/
Lüneburg
~ 9.700 km
Eisenhüttenstadt
Sandtorstraße
Magdeburg
Preilack
Förderstedt
Marke
Schönewalde
Ragow
Jänschwalde
Graustein
Klostermansfeld
Schwarze
Pumpe
Bärwalde
Taucha
Schkopau
Lauchstädt
Pulgar
Eula
Großdalzig
Mecklar
Eisenach
Vieselbach
Stahlwerk Thüringen
Altenfeld
Boxberg
Streumen
Lippendorf
Niederwartha
Weida
Hagenwerder
Dresden/Süd
Röhrsdorf
Großschwabhausen
Schmölln
Mikulowa
Wolkramshausen
Niederwiesa
Crossen
Hohenwarte II
Zwönitz
Remptendorf
Goldisthal
© VE-T / T-XK E.ON Netz
(~31%)*
Görries
HH-Ost
Unterweser/
Ganderkesee
: 109.000 km²
Herlasgrün
Markersbach
Hradec
CEPS a.s.
Redwitz
* Anteil von D
(operation)
grid characteristic VE Transmission – 2008
grid
pp and pumpstorage within the
control area (Pinstall. in MW)
380/220 kV
≤ 110 kV
Thermal
~ 12.860
~ 7.100
Pumpstorage
~ 2.400
~ 500
Wind (~41%*)
~ 780
~ 8.900
~ 20
~ 1.600
~ 16.100
~ 18.100
Biomass, PV u.a.
sum
~ 34.200
Min./Max. consumption ~ 3.500/17700 MW !
„export“ - control area VE- T
12/2017
12/2008
56.100 MW
EEG+konv.
PP- power
31.300 MW
generation/ load - ratio will
significantly increase
(install., ohne PSW)
annual peak
load
-17.300 MW
situation in the transmission grid (VE-T- 2008)
caused by:
 high wind power within
the CA, connected with
large „back- supply“ in
ca. 80% of substations
 high vertical grid load,
mainly in the summertime
 power transits initiated
by adjacent -TSO‘s
 trade activities
--> critical situation
--- < 50% --- < 70% --- >=70% of thermal load capacity of transmission line
measures for avoiding of possible grid
outages
 generation management (--> virtual power plants)
 power flow management (emergency conception –
topology changing, particular overload, improved
coordination between TSO´s)
 grid optimization
(uprating, additional transmission lines, monitoring)
1 Introduction
2 Transmission Grids- situation and problems
3 Grid Optimization
4 Conclusion
Increasing of transmission capacity
 application of high temperature ropes
(TAL, ACCR)
 overhead line monitoring
(using the current thermal conditions
of ropes in connection with climate conditions)
 reinforcement of existing TL (higher voltage, forced
towers, increased mechanical strength etc.)
planned transmission pathways within VE-T
Energinet.dk
Bjæverskov
Lüdershagen
Rostock
Iztzehoe
Siedenbrünzow
Audorf
Iven
Itzehoe/
Brokdorf
Kummerfeld
Wilster
Lübeck
Güstrow
HH-Nord
Görries
Pasewalk
HH-Ost
Unterweser/
Ganderkesee
Krümmel
Landesbergen
Wessin
HH-Süd
Bertikow
Vierraden
Stadorf/
Lüneburg
Putlitz
Perleberg
Krajnik
PSE-O S.A.
Nauen Hennigsdorf
E.ON Netz
Malchow
Reuter
a
Wustermark
Brandenburg/
West
Neuenhagen
b c d ee
g
f
Helmstedt
f
Thyrow
Wolmirstedt
Eisenhüttenstadt
Sandtorstraße
Magdeburg
Preilack
Förderstedt
Marke
Schönewalde
Ragow
Jänschwalde
Graustein
Klostermansfeld
Schwarze
Pumpe
Wolkramshausen
Bärwalde
Taucha
Schkopau
Lauchstädt
Pulgar
Eula
Großdalzig
Mecklar
Eisenach
Vieselbach
Stahlwerk Thüringen
Altenfeld
Niederwartha
Weida
Schmölln
Dresden/Süd
Röhrsdorf
Großschwabhausen
Niederwiesa
Crossen
Hohenwarte II
Zwönitz
Remptendorf
Goldisthal
E.ON Netz
Boxberg
Streumen
Lippendorf
Herlasgrün
Markersbach
Hradec
Redwitz
CEPS a.s.
Hagenwerder
Mikulowa
Brunsbüttel
Stade
Dollern
Lubmin
Bentwisch
Wilster
uprating and emergency conception (VE-T)
Energinet.dk
Bjæverskov
Lüdershagen
emergency conception
(1); large wind
Rostock
Iztzehoe
Siedenbrünzow
Audorf
Iven
Kummerfeld
Wilster
Lübeck
Güstrow
HH-Nord
Görries
Pasewalk
HH-Ost
Unterweser/
Ganderkesee
Krümmel
Landesbergen
Wessin
HH-Süd
uprating of TL RagowWustermark from 220- to
PSE-O
S.A.
380-kV
Bertikow
Vierraden
Stadorf/
Lüneburg
new TL
Lauchstädt-Vieselbach
2 x 380kV (3600A)
Putlitz
Perleberg
Krajnik
Nauen Hennigsdorf
E.ON Netz
Malchow
Reuter
a
Wustermark
Brandenburg/
West
Neuenhagen
b c d ee
g
f
Helmstedt
f
Thyrow
Wolmirstedt
Eisenhüttenstadt
Sandtorstraße
Magdeburg
uprating of TL RöhrsdorfWeida-Remptendorf from
220- to 380-kV
Preilack
Förderstedt
Marke
Schönewalde
Ragow
Jänschwalde
Graustein
Klostermansfeld
uprating of TL
VieselbachGroßschwabhausenRemptendorf from
220- to 380-kV
Schwarze
Pumpe
Wolkramshausen
Pulgar
Eula
Großdalzig
Mecklar
Eisenach
Vieselbach
Stahlwerk Thüringen
Altenfeld
E.ON Netz
Boxberg
Streumen
Lippendorf
Niederwartha
Weida
Niederwiesa
Crossen
Hohenwarte II
Zwönitz
Remptendorf
Herlasgrün
Markersbach
Hradec
Redwitz
Schmölln
Hagenwerder
Dresden/Süd
Röhrsdorf
Großschwabhausen
Goldisthal
© VE-T / T-XK
Bärwalde
Taucha
Schkopau
Lauchstädt
Mikulowa
Itzehoe/
Brokdorf
Brunsbüttel
Stade
Dollern
Lubmin
Bentwisch
Wilster
emerency conception
(2); temporary
overload
of TL
CEPS a.s.
Remptendorf-Redwitz
* Anteil von D
enlargement of transmission capacities
(up to 2013)
source: dena
additional TL (400 kV) in the transmission grid
Source: RWE
application of high- temperature- ropes
source: wiretec
Standard Al/St- rope, Tcond, max
application of high- temperature- ropes
increasing of permissible currents
increasing of sag and power losses
thermal capacity reserve
1,600
capacity
reserve
80
1,200
60
1,000
0,800
40
0,600
20
0,400
0
0,200
Belastbarkeit
0,000
Belastung
Außentemperatur
rope temperatur in °C
Belastung, Belastbarkeit
1,400
100
determination of thermal state of TL
direct principle
 measurement of distances (rope – earth or sag) by
special sensors (ultrasonic, radar or GPS- systems
indirect principle
 measurement of temperature (optical fibers within rope,
thermografy – limited parts of overhead line)
 measurement of actual current and, together with present
climate data, calculation of the permissible current by
using a thermal model of the line (thermal balance)
transmission capacity of TL
Smax = √3 · Umax· Ith, max
thermal modelling
Ith, max = f (climate conditions -Ta, vwind, radiation, ..,
(geometrical factors -O, ε, type of rope -Trope), ..
Iop ≤ Ith,max
thermal modelling of line ropes (TL)
thermal balance of line ropes acc. to Webs (see also CIGRE)
TA
sun- and sky
radiation
.
P´So = a(P´S sin d+P´H)
TC
Joule
Pel =heat
Ieff²
.R´
radiation
P´S = C´[(TF/100)4-(TA/100)4]
S
convection
..
.
1,163 lh (TF-TA) Nu
PK =
d
f(vwind)
transmission capacity of TL
permissible current versus ambient temperature
(cloudy, no cloudy, Al/St 240/40 - Ir = 645 A)
1,6
1,4
1,2
ratio I/ Ir
1
cloudy
0,8
no cloudy
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
-20
-10
0
10
ambient temperature [°C]
20
30
40
principle of thermal overhead- line- monitoring
measuring of
climate data
online calculation of permissible
current or load
controlling
dispatcher
on- site testing of monitoring system [E.ON- Netz]
Increased load capacity by using of line monitoring
one week
www.eon-netz.com
transmission load capacity concerns all
components of the transmission system
1 Introduction
2 Transmission Grids- situation and problems
3 Grid Optimization
4 Conclusion
integration of large wind power plants
into the european transmission grids and
the enlargement of intereuropean electricity trading request

new technical, economical and
administrative solutions

adequate political rules and laws
Thank you for your attention
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