Health and Education
R&W Chapter 5 (to p. 133)
(File Education_Health.ppt)
Link to syllabus
Link to WDI
Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient
Table 5.1 p. 100 (R&W). Health Indicators
Life expectancy up
Infant mortality down
virtually everywhere.
LlifeLife
Expectancy,
Regional
Averages
Expectancy
by Regions,
WDI
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1960
Middle East & North
Africa
High income: OECD
Latin America &
Caribbean
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
1970
Source: WDI
1980
1990
2000
2010
Life Expectancy at Birth
Algeria
Bahrain
Life Expectancy, by countries
100
East Asia & Pacific
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
80
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
60
Libya
Morocco
Oman
40
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
20
Tunisia
Turkey
0
1960
United Arab Emirates
1970
Source: WDI
1980
1990
2000
2010
West Bank and Gaza
Yemen, Rep.
Figure 5.2 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, by Region
Figure 5.1 p. 101 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, MENA
Infant Mortality, by Regions
1,000
(semi-log graph)
Middle East &
North Africa (all
income levels)
100
Middle East &
North Africa (all
income levels)
East Asia &
Pacific
(developing only)
Latin America &
Caribbean (all
income levels)
OECD members
180
East Asia &
Pacific
(developing
only)
Latin America &
Caribbean (all
income levels)
160
OECD members
60
140
120
100
80
40
10
South Asia
South Asia
20
0
1
1960
Sub-Saharan
Africa (all
income levels)
1980
1960
1980
2000
Source: WDI
2000
Sub-Saharan
Africa (all income
levels)
Infant Mortality
300
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt, Arab Rep.
250
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Israel
200
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
150
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
100
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
50
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
West Bank and Gaza
0
1960
Source: WDI
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Yemen, Rep.
R&W Fig 5.5 p. 107. Infant Mortality and GNI/Capita
Figure 5.3 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates,
Rural/Urban Differences in MENA
Physicians per Thousand (Semi-log
graph)
Physicians
per Thousand
10.0
Middle East & North
Africa
East Asia & Pacific
1.0
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
0.1
0.0
1960
Latin America &
Caribbean
High income: OECD
1970
1980
1990
Year
Source: WDI data
2000
2010
Physicians per 1,000 People
10.00
Physicians/1000: MENA
1.00
0.10
0.01
1960
Bahrain
Egypt, Arab Rep.
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
West Bank and Gaza
Yemen, Rep.
Algeria
1970
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010
Medicine & Farmacies;
Maqamat ~1200 a.d.
Hospital Divrigi, Turkey. 1228
Part of a complex, centered around a mosque, including
an Old People’s Home
Al-Mansouri Hospital, Cairo. 1284
Qasr Al-Aini
Hospital, Cairo
~1837
Public library
of Hulwan,
Baghdad
From the Maqamat
Presumably ~1200 a.d.
Arabic text states:
“During an exam, a
person is either
honored or disgraced.”
Astronomers~1600
Source: World of Islam p. 200
House of Wisdom 1. Baghdad 1004 a.d.
House of
Wisdom II
Baghdad 2004
Al-Azhar University, 1880s
Source: Focus East p. 69. Photo attributed to G. Lekegian
Courtyard of Al-Azhar mosque
Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www
Al-Azhar
Mosque.
Begun 970.
Complex includes
the “world’s
first university”
Main facade of the mosque from Northwest with the three Mamluk
minarets of Aqbugha, Qaytbay, and the double-headed minaret of
al-Ghuri from (L to R).
Religious Students in Isfahan, Iran
Illiteracy, Percent
1950s
Algeria
Egypt
Iraq
Jordan
Lebanon
Morocco
Qatar
Sudan
Tunisia
UAE
Yemen
1970s 2000
83
75
89
86
88
84
-
74
62
76
46
37
79
42
85
62
44
86
33
45
44
10
14
51
19
42
29
24
54
1950s
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Kuwait
Libya
Oman
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Turkey
WB & Gaza
1970s 2000
87
87
66
87
68
-
60
64
12
40
50
81
67
60
40
-
12
24
5
18
20
28
24
26
15
14
Source: WDI and UNESCO
Illiteracy is declining everywhere in MENA
Currently, highest levels in Yemen, Morocco, Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, Algeria.
It’s very hard to eliminate illiteracy of adults.
MENA: Illiteracy among Youths
Algeria
Youth Illiteracy, by country
Bahrain
90
Percentage (logarithm)
Egypt, Arab Rep.
80
Iran, Islamic Rep.
70
Iraq
Israel
Iraq
60
50
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Yemen
Libya
40
Morocco
30
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Egypt
20
10
0
1970
Morocco
Syrian Arab Republic
Tunisia
1980
1990
Year
2000
2010
Turkey
United Arab Emirates
Yemen, Rep.
Table 5.2 p. 113 (R&W). Adult Literacy, 1990-2003
R&W don’t give separate data for illiteracy among youths
R&W Figure 5.7 p. 114. Adult Literacy and GNI/Capita
Table 5.3 p. 115 (R&W). Primary School Enrollment
Improvements everywhere. Marked increases for females in Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
Room for improvement for females in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen.
Gender Parity Indices, 1970, 2003
Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled
Gini Coefficient of Average years of Schooling,
1975 and 2000
Becoming more equal in all countries!
Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled
Secondary School Enrollments,
by Region and Gender (%)
East Asia female
Secondary School EnrollmentsEast Asia male
OECD female
120
OECD
OECD male
100
Latin America female
80
Latin America male
MENA Males
60
MENA Females
MENA female
40
MENA male
South Asia female
20
South Asia male
0
1990
1995
2000
2005
Sub-Saharan Africa
female
Sub-Saharan Africa
male
Private and Social Returns to Education. R&W p. 119
Social is less than private (U. level) because of subsidies, opportunity
cost of students’ time.
Note: This table refers to a broad mix of countries, in and out of MENA.
mt believes that this argument is getting less play in recent writing.
Rates of Return on Educational Investment.
2nd edition of R&W p. 118
Argues that there is over-subsidization of higher education, both
because individuals should pay, and because ultimate return of
more education, to society, declines.
Suggested Conclusions
Nearly complete coverage of primary schools
Gender gap, building in secondary levels
Debate on bias against primary, for upper level schooling
Rapid changes in the population scarce, oil rich kingdoms of Arabia
Contemporary system built off previous system, linked to mosques
Curricula don’t look that different from ours
Suleyman Demirel
Born: 1924, into a peasant family.
P.M. 1965-1971, late 1970s, 1991-2
President of Turkey 1993 - 2000
Studied engineering.
During his presidency he
supported NATO but opposed EU.
Was forced to resign by military, who
were worried about terrorism (PKK).
Demirel: Higher Education.
Address at SUNY Binghampton, 2003. (selections)
Demirel ii
Demirel iii
Tertiary Education. 2001 or most recent data
Enrolment Data
Algeria
456,358
Bahrain
11,048
Egypt
2,447,088
Iran
1,566,509
Iraq
317,993
Israel
299,716
Jordan
162,688
Kuwait
32,320
Lebanon
142,951
Libya
359,146
Morocco
315,343
Oman
19,864
Qatar
7,831
Saudi Arabia
444,800
Syrian Arab Republic 94,110
Tunisia
226,102
Turkey
1,677,936
United Arab Emirates 21,000
Yemen
173,130
% Enrolled
15
21
38
20
14
58
31
21
45
58
10
7
23
22
6
23
25
10
11
UNESCO
Data
http://www.unesco.org
College Enrollment Rates, by Region & Gender
Middle East & North
Africa
MENA-Women
70
Percent of age group
60
MENA Men
50
East Asia & Pacific
40
20
Latin America &
Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
10
High income: OECD
30
0
1970
Low income
1980
1990
Year
2000
Middle income
Percentage Enrollment at Universities, early 2000s
Algeria
Israel
Libya
Saudi Arabia
Female
23
Female
66
Female
55
Female
35
Male
19
Male
50
Male
51
Male
23
Overall
21
Overall
57
Overall
53
Overall
28
Egypt
Jordan
Morocco
Tunisia
Female
Female
42
Female
10
Female
35
Male
Male
38
Male
13
Male
25
Overall
40
Overall
11
Overall
30
Overall
34
Iran
Kuwait
Oman
West Bank & Gaza
Female
26
Female
27
Female
21
Female
44
Male
23
Male
11
Male
19
Male
40
Overall
25
Overall
18
Overall
20
Overall
42
Iraq
Lebanon
Qatar
Female
12
Female
49
Female
Male
20
Male
43
Male
Overall
16
Overall
46
Overall
Yemen
34
9
19
Female
Male
Overall
5
14
9
Gender Parity Index of Tertiary Schooling, 1970, 2003
Significant improvements for women everywhere
Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled
Timelines of Higher Education in Egypt, Turkey, Iran
Military School
Engineering
Medicine
Sending Students
Overseas
Allowing Foreign
Schools
National Univ.
(free)
Ottom.Turkey Egypt Persia/Iran
1770 /1840 Muh.
Ali
1884
1820
1851
1827/ 38
1827
1851/78
1830s
1820
“
1908
1930
Universities in Lebanon
Lebanon has 15 universities of which the American University of Beirut
(AUB) and the Lebanese American University (LAU) are internationally
acknowledged. AUB is the first English university to open in Lebanon,
while the first university to open was the French, Université Saint
Joseph. The 15 universities, public or private, are mainly in Arabic,
French, or English since the most widely used languages in Lebanon are:
Arabic (official), French (official), English, and Armenian. Four of them
are French, seven English, and one Armenian. Almost all these colleges
teach in Arabic too.
American University of Beirut, Beirut. Beirut Arab University, Beirut
Islamic University of Lebanon, Khaldeh. Lebanese American
University, Beirut. Notre Dame University, Zouk Mosbeh, Keserouan.
•Université Antonine - Hadath-Baabda. Université Libanaise – Beirut.
•Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik Liban, Jounieh. Université SaintJoseph – Beirut. University of Balamand Tripoli
Palestinian Higher Education Institutions, 2001/02
Source: http://www.usaid.gov/wbg/reports/asessmentfinal.pdf - no longer functioning
US-Palestinian University Partnerships
In 2000-2003, eight U.S.-Palestinian university partnerships were established to
develop a new curriculum and better research methodology:
-Four partnerships - the University of Oklahoma and Bethlehem University, Purdue
University and Islamic University of Gaza, Calvin College and Birzeit University,
University of Maryland Eastern Shore and Palestine Polytechnic Institute - concentrate
on developing water resources.
- Other fields of focus are law (University of Georgia and Birzeit University), public
policy (Georgia State University and An Najah University), public health (Johns
Hopkins University and Al Quds University) and university administration (Utah State
University and Arab American University in Jenin).
Riyadh: King
Saud University
Source:Guise, Riyadh p. 79
Riyadh: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital
News Item (2004): Kuwait to build American University
Generally, ‘American University’ means that a school is certified
as having the academic qualifications of schools in the US.
Classes are often given in English. These are private schools, and funding
comes from tuition and local donors.
The best-known schools are AUB in Beirut, and AUC in Cairo.
In addition to this one in Kuwait, they also exist in Sharjah and Dubai.
The Feminisation of Iranian Education
Mitra Shavarini
Review of Education 2005 p329
Link to listing of Iranian Universities
Higher Education in Iran
1.Public Universities and Higher Education Centers
•Tehran University was the first university founded in Iran in 1934. Site lists
18 others, totaling 189 campuses, 450,000 students, 64 % male.
2.Distance Education (Payam-e-Nour University)
•Payam-e-Nour University established in 1987, offers distance education
courses at undergraduate level. Has 147 centers and a total of 146,990
students 1998-99; 52% were female and 48% male.
3. Islamic Azad University(IAU)
•The first private university, established in 1982, IAU has over 126
branches in Iran with more than half a million students (68% male).
4. Non-profit Higher Education Institutes
•At the moment,some 33 "Non-profit Higher Education Institutes", offering
both undergraduate and postgraduate courses,with about 23,000 students
are active in Iran. (apparently science oriented)
Wikipedia’s list of Iranian Universities, by location
Link to Egyptian Universities
A web site listing Egyptian public universities, and private
Universities and research institutions.
Wikipedia’s list of Egyptian universities
American University of Cairo: http://www.aucegypt.edu/
International Comparisons of Scientific Output, 1990-2007
Apparently, data are numbers of articles in international journals
Source: Zahlan Contemporary Arab Affairs (2011) “Science and the Arabs: Opportunities and Chal
Number of Research Publications
Source: Zahlan (2011)
Title page
(Photo of author)
Table 2. Technology Indicators-MENA
Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T Development Indicators in the Arab Region,”
Technology Indicators-R.o.W. continued
Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T Development Indicators in the Arab Region,”
Number of Scientists working in R&D, per million
Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003
Number of Scientific Research Centers
Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003
Number of US Registered Patents, from Arab and non-Arab Countries
Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003
Indicators of Digital Divide: AHDR 2002
Dubai Internet City
Source:
AHDR,
2002
Findings Summarized (i)
Inputs:
R&D spending (as % of GDP or Gov’t spending) is lower in
Gulf and Mediterranean countries than advanced LDCs and
OECD. 0.2% compared to 3% of GDP. But Ed/GDP is quite
similar. Mediterranean slightly higher than Gulf. (Table 2).
Number of S&T workers is low in Gulf and Mediterranean
and Gulf, compared to advanced LDCs and OECD.
Mediterranean slightly better than Gulf, in numbers and
‘skill indices’; MENA behind advanced LDCs and OECD
(Table 3).
Most R&D done in public (gov’t) institutions in Arab
countries (Table 5). Universities second in importance,
private sector weak.
Findings: ii
Output indicators
Scientific publications. Growth in Gulf and Mediterranean,
although behind others. Egypt and Morocco relatively high.
(Tables 4 and 6). Numbers of citations show mixed trends.
In terms of joint publications, there is limited cooperation
among Arab countries, but it is strong between North Africa
and Europe (ex-colonies).
Patents: low levels, compared to other LDCs; highest in
Egypt, north Africa, Syria (Tables 2 and 8). Again, Gulf is
behind Arab Mediterranean.
Technological change (tfp-Table 9) is higher in
Mediterranean than Gulf. Gulf is more unstable.
Conclusion
Table E.5 Youth Literacy Rate (age 15-24), 1970-2005
1970 1980 1985 19901995 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005
Algeria
41 61
69 77 84
88
89
90
..
..
Bahrain
79 90
93 96 97
98
99
99 97..
..
Egypt
43 52
57 61 66
71
73
.. 85..
85
Iran
56 73
80 86 91
94
94
..
..
97
Jordan
79 91
95 97 98
99
99
99
..
99
Kuwait
71 80
84 88 90
92
93
93
..
100
Libya
57 79
87 91 94
96
97
97
98..
Morocco
33 42
48 62 62
67
68
70
70..
Oman
34 60
74 86 94
98
98
99
..
..
Qatar
74 83
87 90 93
96..
Saudi Arabia
56 74
80 85 90
93
93
94 96 96..
Qatar
58 71
76 80 84
87
88
95
92..
Tunisia
52 72
78 84 90
93
94
94
94..
UAE
68 75
80 85 88
91
91
91
97..
WBG
99..
Yemen
21 31
41 50 59
65
66
68 92 75..
Average
55 69
75 81 85
88
89
91 93 91
95
MENA
43 64
73 81 88
86
87
EAP
82 91
94 95 96
98
..
..
..
..
ECA
99 99
99 99 100
99
..
..
..
..
LAC
83 89
90 92 93
95
..
..
SAS
45 54
58 62 66
70
..
..
..
..
SSA
..
..
..
..
..
77
80
80
..
..
Youth Literacy Rates
Source: WB (2004) The Road Not Taken: Educational Reform in MENA
Table C.13 Gender Parity Index of Youth Literacy Rate (15-24), 1970-2005
Algeria
Bahrain
Egypt
Iran
Jordan
Kuwait
Libya
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Tunisia
UAE
WBG
Yemen
Average
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003/4/5
46
55
64
72 79
85
90
90
91
78
87
93
97 99 100 100 100 100
48
53
60
67 72
77 88
60
68
76
83 88
92
95
95 99
70
81
89
94 97
99 100 100 100
100
84
90
94
97 99 101 102 102 102
100
33
47
64
77 84
89
93
94
94
97
35
42
48
55 62
69
77
78
79
75
21
30
43
62 79
91
97
97
98
99
92 100 103 105 105 105 103
48
60
71
80 86
92
95
96
96
98
45
53
60
67 73
78
83
83
96
95
49
59
68
74 81
88
92
92
93
96
90
99 105 108 108 108 108 108 108
98
100
11
15
20
26 34
44
56
58
60
65
54
63
71
78 83
88
91
92
93
92
Table 3. Human
Resources in S&T
Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T
Development Indicators in the Arab Region,
Table 4 I R&D
More rapid growth of R&D & publications among Gulf Oil exporters, compared
to other Arab countries.
Nobody has very much high technology manufacturers.
Source: Satti Nour(2003) “S&T Development Indicators…”
Table 5. Distribution of R&D Units
R&D performed in government locations, rather than universities or private firms
Source: Satti (2003) “S&T Development Indicators…”
Rates of Return to Schooling
Source: World Bank/Farrukh Iqbal (2006) Sustaining Gains in Poverty Reduction..MENA Page 37
Table E.1 TIMSS Score in Math
of 8th Grade,
1995 1999 2003
Bahrain
- 401
Egypt,
- 406
Iran, I.R.
428 422 411
Jordan
- 428 424
Kuwait
392
Lebanon
- 433
Morocco
- 337 387
Saudi Arabia
- 332
Tunisia
- 448 410
West Bank &G
- 390
Regional
Average
410 409 399
International
Average
513 487 467
Top Country
643 604 605
Table E.2 TIMSS Score in
Science of 8th Grade,
1995 1999 2003
Bahrain
438
Egypt,
421
Iran, I.R.
463 448
453
Jordan
- 450
475
Kuwait
430
Lebanon
393
Morocco
- 323
396
Saudi Arabia
398
Tunisia
- 430
404
West Bank &G
435
Regional
Average
447 413
424
International
Average
516 488
474
Top Country
607 569
578
Notes: Top country in 1995 is Singapore for both math and science. Top countries
in 1999 are Singapore for Math and Chinese Taipei for Science.
Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the MENA
No data for
Algeria, Ira
Libya, Syri
Sudan,
Yemen
R&D/GNP
Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003
Distribution of Universit
Students, by Field of
Study. ~2005
Source: WB (2008)
The Road Not taken
p. 21
Public
Spending per
Student, $
Source: WB (2008)
The Road Not Taken
p. 11
Al-Azhar
Mosque.
Begun 970.
Complex includes
the “world’s
first university”
Main facade of the mosque from Northwest with the three Mamluk
minarets of Aqbugha, Qaytbay, and the double-headed minaret of
al-Ghuri from (L to R).
Courtyard of Al-Azhar mosque
Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www
Model of
Education
Expenditures
Source: Todaro
Economic Dev.
p. 384 of 9th ed.
p. 391 of 6th ed.
Compare with R&W graph p. 119