Mental Health Disorders
Mr. Hoffman
Depression
 Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to
activity that can have a negative effect on a person's
thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical
well-being.
 Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty,
hopeless, worried, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable,
hurt or restless. They may lose interest in activities that
once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or
overeating, have problems concentrating, remembering
details, or making decisions and may contemplate or
attempt suicide.
 Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, loss of energy, or
aches, pains or digestive problems that are resistant to
treatment may be physical displays of depression.
Depression continued
 Depression in young adults is a
common health problem and a
growing public concern. In 2006, 1
in 20 U.S. adults had experienced a
major depressive episode with
severe impairment.
 A number of psychiatric syndromes
feature depressed mood as a main
symptom such as, Major depressive
disorder, Bi-polar disorder and
seasonal affective disorder.
Depression continued
 Treatment: Both counseling and
antidepressants are both used to help with
the treatment of depression and other
disorders closely related. First counseling
or psychotherapy is used and depending
on the situation drugs may be added.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbTisO17HE
Adjustment Disorder
 An adjustment disorder occurs when an individual is
unable to adjust to or cope with a particular stressor, like a
major life event.
 Since people with this disorder normally have symptoms
that depressed people do, such as general loss of interest,
feelings of hopelessness and crying, this disorder is also
sometimes known as situational depression.
 Unlike major depression however, the disorder is caused
by an outside stressor and generally resolves once the
individual is able to adapt to the situation.
 The same treatment for depression is common for
adjustment disorder with the addition of trying to limit
exposure to the stressor causing the issue.
Bi-Polar Disorder
 Bipolar disorder (historically known as
manic-depressive disorder) is a psychiatric
diagnosis for a mood disorder in which
people experience disruptive mood
swings. These encompass a frenzied state
known as mania (or hypomania) usually
alternated with symptoms of depression.
Bipolar disorder is defined by the
presence of one or more episodes of
abnormally elevated energy levels,
cognition, and mood with or without one
or more depressive episodes.
Bi-polar continued
 Individuals in a hypomanic state have a
decreased need for sleep, are extremely
outgoing and competitive, and have a great
deal of energy.
 Prevalence is similar in men and women
and, broadly, across different cultures and
ethnic groups. Genetic factors contribute
substantially to the likelihood of developing
bipolar disorder, and environmental factors
are also implicated. Bipolar disorder is often
treated with mood stabilizing medications
and psychotherapy.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyJn_3L
kE8w
Seasonal Affective Disorder
 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as winter
depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues,
or seasonal depression, is a mood disorder in which people
who have normal mental health throughout most of the year
experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer,
spring or autumn year after year.
 Although experts were initially skeptical, this condition is
now recognized as a common disorder, with its prevalence in
the U.S. ranging from 1.4 percent in Florida to 9.7 percent in
New Hampshire.
 There are many different treatments for classic (winterbased) seasonal affective disorder, including light therapy
with sunlight or bright lights, antidepressant medication,
cognitive-behavioral therapy, ionized-air administration, and
carefully timed supplementation of the hormone melatonin.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe
anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to
any event that results in psychological trauma. This
event may involve the threat of death to oneself or
to someone else, or to one's own or someone else's
physical, sexual, or psychological integrity,
overwhelming the individual's ability to cope.
 This is often what people historically called shell
shock in WWI and WWII.
 Often people with this disorder have, flashbacks,
night scares and are forced to relive the incident.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXHz8NVE7pY
Postpartum Depression
 Postpartum depression (PPD), is a type of clinical depression which
can affect women, and less frequently men, typically after childbirth.
Studies report prevalence rates among women from 5% to 25%.
Postpartum depression occurs in women after they have carried a child.
Symptoms include sadness, fatigue, changes in sleeping and eating
patterns, reduced libido, crying episodes, anxiety, and irritability.
Although a number of risk factors have been identified, the causes of
PPD are not well understood. Many women recover with a treatment
consisting of a support group or counseling.
 The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, a standardized selfreported questionnaire, may be used to identify women who have
postpartum depression. If the new mother scores more than 13, she is
likely to develop PPD.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yH3WMQO-ooU
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
 Big Bang Theory
 Psychoanalysis
Anxiety Disorder
 Anxiety disorder is a blanket term covering
several different forms of a type of common
psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive
worrying, uneasiness, apprehension and fear about
future uncertainties either based on real or
imagined events, which may affect both physical
and psychological health. There are numerous
psychiatric and medical syndromes which may
mimic the symptoms of an anxiety disorder such
as hyperthyroidism which is frequently
misdiagnosed as generalized anxiety disorder.
Panic Disorder
 Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurring severe
panic attacks. It may also include significant behavioral changes
lasting at least a month and of ongoing worry about the implications or
concern about having other attacks.
 Panic attacks cannot be predicted, therefore an individual may become
stressed, anxious or worried wondering when the next panic attack will
occur.
 Panic attacks have a sudden or out-of-blue cause that lasts shorter with
more intense symptoms, as opposed to Anxiety attacks having
stressors that build to less severe reactions and can last for weeks or
months. Panic attacks can occur in children, as well as adults. Panic in
young people may be particularly distressing because the child has less
insight about what is happening, and his/her parent is also likely to
experience distress when attacks occur.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvovkmeY7H
c&feature=relmfu
Agoraphobia
 Agoraphobia is a condition where the sufferer
becomes anxious in environments that are
unfamiliar or where he or she perceives that they
have little control. Triggers for this anxiety may
include wide open spaces, crowds (social anxiety),
or traveling (even short distances). Agoraphobia is
often, but not always, compounded by a fear of
social embarrassment, as the agoraphobic fears the
onset of a panic attack and appearing distraught in
public
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdN5a8GI3QA
 http://mental.healthguru.com/video/severe-socialanxiety-understanding-agoraphobia
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is an
anxiety
disorder characterized by intrusive
___________
thoughts that produce uneasiness,
apprehension, ___
fear , or _____,
worry by repetitive
behaviors aimed at reducing the associated
anxiety, or by a combination of such
obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Symptoms of the disorder include excessive washing or _______;
cleaning
repeated ________;
hoarding preoccupation with
checking extreme ________;
sexual, violent or religious thoughts; relationship-related
obsessions; aversion to particular ________;
numbers and ____________,
nervous rituals
such as opening and closing a door a certain number of times
before entering or leaving a room.
Some people with OCD perform compulsive rituals because they
inexplicably feel __________,
they have to others act compulsively so as to
mitigate the ______
anxiety that stems from particular obsessive
thoughts. The person might feel that these actions somehow
either will prevent a dreaded event from occurring, or will push
the event from their thoughts.
Howie Mandel
Schizophrenia
 Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of
processes and by poor______________________.
emotional responsiveness Common
thought _________
symptoms include auditory____________,
hallucinations paranoid or bizarre
__________,
delusions or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is
accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. The
onset of symptoms typically occurs in ______________,
young adulthood with a global
lifetime prevalence of about 0.3–0.7%. Diagnosis is based on observed
behavior and the patient's reported experiences.
 The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, which
primarily suppresses __________(and
sometimes serotonin) receptor
dopamine
activity. Psychotherapy and vocational and social rehabilitation are
also important in treatment.
 Often the problem is that taking the medication makes the patient feel
not like themselves. They then halt the process until they have a major
breakdown and then the ordeal begins again.
Schizophrenia continued
 What Real Schizophrenia looks like
Dissociative Identity Disorder
 Dissociative identity disorder (DID), also known
as ________________________
multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a
mental disorder characterized by at least two
distinct and relatively enduring identities or
dissociated personalities that alternately control a
_______________,
person's behavior and is accompanied by
_________________
memory impairment for important information
not explained by ordinary forgetfulness.
 Patient with DID
 The Minds of Billy Milligan
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
 Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by
either significant difficulties of __________or
_______________
inattention
hyperactivity and
_____________or
a combination of the two. According to the Diagnostic
impulsiveness
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, symptoms emerge before
seven years of age. Oftentimes people refer to ADHD as "Attention
deficit disorder" (ADD), however, the term was revised in the 1994
version of the DSM.
 ADHD impacts school-aged children and results in restlessness, acting
impulsively, and lack of focus which impairs their ability to learn
properly. It is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric
disorder in children, affecting about _____
3 to 5 percent of children globally
and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school-aged children. It is a
chronic disorder with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in
childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. Adolescents and
adults with ADHD tend to develop _________________
coping mechanisms to compensate
for some or all of their impairments. It is estimated that 4.7 percent of
American adults live with ADHD.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
 ADHD is diagnosed _____
three times more frequently in boys than in girls.
 ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications
(__________),
stimulants applied behavior analysis (ABA, previously known as
behavior modification), lifestyle changes, and counseling.
 Twin studies indicate that the disorder is highly heritable and that
genetics are a factor in about 75 percent of all cases. Hyperactivity also
seems to be primarily a genetic condition; however, other causes have
been identified.
 Researchers believe that a large majority of ADHD cases arise from a
combination of various genes, many of which affect dopamine
transporters.
 In one study a delay in development of certain brain structures by an
average of three years occurred in ADHD elementary school-aged
patients. The delay was most prominent in the frontal cortex and
temporal lobe, which are believed to be responsible for the ability to
control and focus thinking.
 Egg Harbor Elementary School Story
Autism
 Autism is one of the five pervasive developmental
disorders, which are characterized by widespread
abnormalities of _______________
communication
social interactions and _____________,
and severely restricted interests and highly repetitive
behavior. These symptoms do not imply sickness, fragility,
or emotional disturbance.
 The diagnostic criteria require that symptoms become
apparent before a child is three years old. Autism affects
information processing in the brain by altering how nerve
cells and their synapses connect and organize; how this
occurs is not well understood. Many think it is actually
__________________
over connectednessbetween neurons in the brain.
 You Ought to Know
Autism - Social Interaction
 People with autism have social impairments and often lack the
intuition about others that many people take for granted.
 Unusual social development becomes apparent early in childhood.
Autistic infants show less attention to social stimuli, smile and look
at others less often, and respond less to their __________
own name .
 Older children and adults with ASD perform worse on tests of face
and __________________.
emotion recognition
 Children with high-functioning autism suffer from more intense and
frequent ___________
loneliness compared to non-autistic peers, despite the
common belief that children with autism prefer to be alone. Making
and maintaining friendships often proves to be difficult for those
with autism. For them, the _______
quality of friendships, not the number
of friends, predicts how lonely they feel. Functional friendships,
such as those resulting in invitations to parties, may affect the
quality of life more deeply.
Autism - Communication
 About a _____________
third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop
enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs.
 Autistic children are less likely to make requests or share
experiences, and are more likely to simply repeat others' words
(echolalia) or reverse pronouns.
 In a pair of studies, high-functioning autistic children aged 8–15
performed ___________
equally well as, and adults better than, individually
matched controls at basic language tasks involving vocabulary and
spelling. Both autistic groups performed _______
worse than controls at
complex language tasks such as figurative language,
comprehension and inference. As people are often sized up initially
from their basic language skills, these studies suggest that people
speaking to autistic individuals are more likely to overestimate
what their audience comprehends.
Autism - Repetitive Actions
 ___________
Stereotypy is repetitive movement, such as hand flapping, head
rolling, or body rocking.
 Compulsive
__________________
behavioris intended and appears to follow rules, such
as arranging objects in stacks or lines.
 __________
Sameness is resistance to change; for example, insisting that the
furniture not be moved or refusing to be interrupted.
 Ritualistic
________________
behavior involves an unvarying pattern of daily
activities, such as an unchanging menu or a dressing ritual. This is
closely associated with sameness and an independent validation
has suggested combining the two factors.
 Restricted
_________________
behavior is limited in focus, interest, or activity, such
as preoccupation with a single television program, toy, or game.
 __________
Self-injury includes movements that injure or can injure the
person, such as eye poking, skin picking, hand biting, and head
banging. A 2007 study reported that self-injury at some point
affected about 30% of children with ASD.
Asperger’s Disorder
 Asperger syndrome (AS) is characterized by
significant difficulties in social interaction, alongside
restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and
interests. It differs from other autism spectrum
disorders by its relative __________
preservation of linguistic and
cognitive development. Although not required for
diagnosis, physical clumsiness and atypical (peculiar,
odd) use of language are frequently reported.
 This is on the Spectrum of Autism and some
psychologists want to eliminate the term and just
have patients be called High Functioning Autistics.
Down Syndrome
 Down syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a
chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or
part of a ________
third copy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome
is the most common chromosome abnormality in
humans. It is typically associated with a delay in
cognitive ability (mental retardation, or MR) and
physical growth, and a particular set of facial
characteristics. The average IQ of young adults with
50 compared to children
Down syndrome is around ___,
without the condition with an IQ of ___.
100 A large
proportion of individuals with Down syndrome have a
severe degree of intellectual disability.
Down Syndrome
 The CDC estimates that about one of every ____
691 babies born in
the United States each year is born with Down syndrome.
 Down syndrome can be identified in a baby at birth, or even
prenatal screening Pregnancies with this
before birth by________________.
diagnosis are often terminated.
 Many children with Down syndrome graduate from high school
and are able to do paid work, and some participate in postsecondary education as well. Education and proper care has been
shown to improve quality of life significantly.
 _____________
Maternal age influences the chances of conceiving a baby with
Down syndrome. At maternal age 20 to 24, the probability is one
in 1562; at age 35 to 39 the probability is one in 214, and above
age 45 the probability is one in 19.
 Video
Tourette’s Syndrome
 Tourette syndrome is an inherited neuropsychiatric
disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple
physical (motor) tics and at least one _______________.
________________
vocal (phonic) tic
These tics characteristically wax and wane, can be
suppressed temporarily, and are preceded by a
premonitory urge.
 Tourette's was once considered a rare and bizarre
syndrome, most often associated with the exclamation of
obscene words or socially inappropriate and derogatory
coprolalia but this symptom is present in only a
remarks (________),
small minority of people with Tourette's.
 What Makes You Tic?
Tourette’s
 Between 0.4% and 3.8% of children ages 5 to 18 may have
Tourette's; the prevalence of transient and chronic tics in school-age
children is higher, with the more common tics of ___________,
eye blinking
________,
_______________.
coughing _____________,
throat clearing _______,
movements
sniffing and facial
Tourette's does not adversely affect intelligence or life expectancy.
 Genetic and environmental factors play a role in the etiology of
Tourette's, but the exact causes are unknown.
 Coprolalia (the spontaneous utterance of socially objectionable or
taboo words or phrases) is the most publicized symptom of
Tourette's, but it is not required for a diagnosis of Tourette's and
only about 10% of Tourette's patients exhibit it. Echolalia
(repeating the words of others), while the most common initial
motor and vocal tics are, respectively, eye blinking and throat
clearing.
Tourette’s
 In contrast to the abnormal movements of other movement
disorders, the tics of Tourette's are temporarily ____________,
suppressible
nonrhythmic, and often preceded by an unwanted premonitory
urge. Immediately preceding tic onset, most individuals with
Tourette's are aware of an urge, similar to the need to sneeze or
scratch an itch. Individuals describe the need to tic as a buildup of
tension, pressure, or energy which they consciously choose to
release, as if they "had to do it" to relieve the sensation or until it
feels "just right".
 A person with Tourette's has about a ____
50% chance of passing the
gene(s) to one of his or her children.
 It is not uncommon for the parents of affected children to be
unaware that they, too, may have had tics as children. Because
Tourette's tends to subside with maturity, and because milder cases
of Tourette's are now more likely to be recognized, the first
realization that a parent had tics as a child may not come until their
offspring is diagnosed.
Dementia/Alzheimer’s
 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common
form of ________.
dementia There is no cure for the
disease, which worsens as it progresses, and
eventually leads to ______.
death
 Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over ___
65
years of age, although the less-prevalent earlyonset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006,
there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide.
85 people
Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in ___
globally by 2050.
Dementia/Alzheimer’s
 Although Alzheimer's disease develops
differently for every individual, there are many
common symptoms. In the early stages, the most
common symptom is difficulty in remembering
__________.
recent
events When AD is suspected, the
diagnosis is usually confirmed with tests that
evaluate behavior and thinking abilities, often
followed by a brain scan if available. As the
disease advances, symptoms can include
________, ________
confusion
irritability and aggression, mood
swings, trouble with ________,
language and long-term
___________.
memory loss
Brains affected by
Alzheimer’s
Dementia/Alzheimer’s
 The cause and progression of Alzheimer's disease are
not well understood. Research indicates that the disease
is associated with _______
plaques and tangles in the brain.
Current treatments only help with the symptoms
________ of the
disease. There are no available treatments that stop or
reverse the progression of the disease. As of 2012, more
than 1000 clinical trials have been or are being
conducted to find ways to treat the disease, but it is
unknown if any of the tested treatments will work.
_______________,
___________
exercise and a balanced
Mental
stimulation ________,
diet have
been suggested as ways to delay cognitive symptoms
(though not brain pathology) in healthy older
individuals, but there is no conclusive evidence
supporting an effect.