Blood
Ch. 17
Introduction
Human blood
Blood and blood cells
R Blood
R Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
plasma
R Blood volume and composition
R Hematocrit
R 45% cells, 55% plasma
R Plasma composition-water, amino acids,
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins,
hormones, electrolytes, cellular wastes
R Blood volume – females – 4-5 liters,
males – 5-6 liters
Red blood cells
R Erythrocytes-bi-concave
discs
R 1/3 hemoglobin by
volume
R Description
R Oxyhemoglobin – oxygen +
hemoglobin
R Deoxyhemoglobin – dark
red
R Non nucleated – nuclei
discarded during
development – can’t
reproduce or make protein
R Hemoglobin composed
of:
R Globins – 4 proteins
R Heme – one molecule of
iron
R Oxygen combines with
heme
Red blood cell counts
R Males - 5,500,000 mm3
R Female - 4,800,000 mm3
R Measures Oxygen-carrying
capacity (changes based on health
and is used to diagnose)
R Anemia – less than 10g per 100 ml
Red blood cell production
and control
(erythropoiesis)
R Embryo and fetus
R Adult red blood
cell production
R Red blood cell life
span – 120 days
R Negative feedback
mechanism
R Erythropoietin –
from kidneys
R Dietary factors
Destruction of red blood
cells
R Macrophages
phagocytize
R Hemoglobin heme and globin
R Heme
decomposed iron, biliverdin
and bilirubin
White blood cells
R Leukocytes – white blood cells
R Help defend body against disease
R Formed from Hemocytoblasts as
needed (in response to hormones
R 5 types - distinguished by: size,
granular appearance, nucleus
shape and staining
White blood cell chasing
bacteria
Types of white blood cells
R Neutrophils – stain red, fine
granules, multilobed
nucleus, make up 54-62%
R Eosinophils – stain deep
red, bilobed nucleus, coarse
granules, make up 1-3%
R Basophils – stain blue, few
granules, less than 1%
R Monocytes – large, stain
blue, variable nucleus
shape, 3-9%
R Lymphocytes – large
nucleus, 25-33%, long lived
R Monocytes and neutrophils –
most active phagocytic cells
Functions of white blood cells
R Diapedesis – squeezing
between cells lining walls
of blood vessels in order
to attack bacteria and
debris.
R Neutrophils and monocytes
– phagocytic. (monocytes
engulf larger particles)
R Eosinophils-moderate
allergic reactions and
defend against parasites
R Basophils-migrate to
damaged tissues/release
histamine to promote
inflammation and heparin to
inhibit blood clotting.
R Lymphocytes-specific
immune reactions and
antibody production.
White blood cell counts
R Cubic milliliter - 5,000 to 9,000
R Differential white blood cell count
pinpoints nature of an illness.
Indicates bacteria or viral illness.
Lists percentages and types of white
blood cells.
R Leukocytosis - after infection.
Excess leukocytes
R Leucopenia – abnormal low white
blood cells count - Aids
Blood platelets
R Fragments of megakaryocytes
R Repair damaged blood vessels by
sticking to broken edges
R Normal Counts - 150,000 to
350,000 per mm3
Blood plasma
R Description – clear, straw colored
R Mostly water
RTransport nutrients and gases
RRegulate fluid and electrolyte balance
RMaintain ph
Plasma proteins
R Albumin-maintain osmotic
pressure – 60% of plasma proteins
R Globulins-36%
RAlpha and Beta–transporting lipids/fat
soluble vitamins
RGamma globulins - type of antibody
R Fibrinogen-4% blood coagulation
Gases and nutrients
R Oxygen and Carbon - dioxide most
important gases
R Nutrients
R Amino acids
R Monosaccharides
R Nucleotides
R Lipids not soluble in water so they are
surrounded by proteins for transport
called lipoproteins. They are classified
based on density (HDL, LDL)Plasma
continued
Plasma cont’d
R Nitrogenous substances
RAmino acids
RUrea
RUric acid
R Electrolytes
RSodium, potassium calcium,
magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate,
phosphate, sulphate
Blood clot
Hemostasis – stoppage of
bleeding
R Stoppage of bleeding (3 steps)
R Blood vessel spasm-muscle in wall of vessel
contracts.
R Platelet plug formation-platelets stick to
edges of damaged blood vessels, forming
net. Release serotonin (vasoconstrictor.)
Most effective on small vessel.
R Patients with leukemia have tendency to
bleed because they have fewer platelets.
R Blood coagulation-most effective means
=hemostasis
Hemostasis
Steps in platelet plug formation
Endothelial lining
Slide number: 2
Collagen fiber
1 Break in
vessel wall
Platelet
Erythrocyte
Steps in platelet plug formation
Endothelial lining
Slide number: 3
Collagen fiber
1 Break in
vessel wall
Platelet
Erythrocyte
2 Blood escaping
through break
12_12 Steps in platelet plug formation
Endothelial lining
Slide number: 4
Collagen fiber
1 Break in
vessel wall
Platelet
Erythrocyte
2 Blood escaping
through break
3 Platelets adhere
to each other,
to end of broken
vessel, and to
exposed collagen
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Steps in platelet plug formation
Endothelial lining
Slide number: 5
Collagen fiber
1 Break in
vessel wall
Platelet
Erythrocyte
2 Blood escaping
through break
3 Platelets adhere
to each other,
to end of broken
vessel, and to
exposed collagen
4 Platelet plug
helps control
blood loss
Blood coagulation
How does blood clot
Blood groups and
transfusions
R Antigens - on
erythrocytes
R Antibodies - in
blood plasma
– attack
things that
don’t belong
R Wrong blood
type =
agglutination
ABO Group
R Type
R Type
R Type
R Type
A
B
AB
O
RH blood group
R Rh factor
R Rh positive and
Rh negative
R Erythroblastosis
fetalis