Chapter 2
 Royal Colonies received a
charter and were controlled
by king or queen
 Lower colonial officials
appointed by sovereign
 Proprietary Colonies received land granted to a
group of private owners for development
 Joint stock companies pooled the money or
investors to start colonies
 Officials locally appointed, selected or elected
 Settlements spread out and near rivers
 Settlers were mostly upper class men (6:1)
 Labor devoted to mining rather than farming
 House of Burgesses (1619) was first representative body
 Free men of property voted
 Protestants dominated assembly
 Could levy taxes, make laws, but subject to veto
 John Rolfe introduced tobacco which became lucrative
and the basis of economy
 Exports of 3m pounds by 1640 10 10m in 1660
 Falling tobacco prices caused a turn to slave labor
 Virginia land (named for Virgin Queen) lacked fresh
water and agriculture, was swampy
 Prone to disease
 Maryland named for Charles’
wife
 1649 Toleration Act in ML
granted some religious freedom
 60% of children in one VA
county before 1680 lost one or both parents
 Of 15,000 migrants between 1622 and 1640, VA only
grew by 5,000
 Headright system encouraged immigration
 Indentured servitude heavily relied on (profitable)
 Workers received passage to America and land
 ½ men died before contracts were up
 Surplus of tobacco drove prices down
 1671 House of Burgesses forbids blacks to own guns
join militias, win freedom by conversion or by moving
into servitude
 1705 HOB legalizes slavery
 Gov. William Berkeley thought
to be corrupt
 Landless distrusted his reactions
to Indian raids
 Bacon—a disgruntled soldier rallied troops in
rebellion
 After arrest elections held to quell dissent
 Bacon freed; allies plunder Jamestown and burn
estates
 Must appease yeoman, curtail corruption and lower
taxes
 Whites can‘t be trusted for labor—rely on slaves
 Town meeting grew as institution of democratic
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governance
Demographics showed shared background and
religion
Puritanism was the state religion, the Bible the
foundation of legal guidance
Underlying society was Puritan morality and work
ethic (Calvinists)
“Godly watchfulness”—spy clubs for conformity
City on a Hill
 Structured, close-knit towns
 Ability to defend and enforce
behavioral norms
 Self-governed (Mayflower
Compact), male church members voted
 Healthy environment, low mortality rate yet ½ of
pilgrims dead in a year
 Puritans were of different stock than Chesapeake
 Middling ranks rather than gentlemen
 Congregations followed their ministers to New World
 Families cam and clustered in towns
 Small communities meant
watchfulness
 Believed predestination to be
true
 Only “elect” could govern—
How elected?
 Conversion, calling, obeying
 Calvinist dominated by TULIP morality
 Conformity sometimes challenged and eliminated:
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Roger Williams—separated church and state (RI)
Anne Hutchinson—gender roles and leadership
Thomas Hooker—better land, Hartford
Quakers—leadership
 Puritanism retained some mystical and pagan
influences
 Between 1647 and 1662 NE hanged 14 accused
 Famously in 1692 in Salem, Mass Bay 19 executed
 Patterns of social tensions
emerged in the hysteria
of ordeals and accusations:
 Gender issues
 Wealth distribution
 Security concerns
 Religious war erupted pitting Cromwell and
Parliament against the Crown
 Charles 1 executed 1649
 Cromwell’s rule became a misguided dictatorship
 Charles II restored the Stuart monarchy
 1651 Navigation Acts (later updated 1660s)
 All colonial trade had to travel on English ships
 Must through English ports
 Board of Trade set up to administer 1676
 1699 Woolens Act banned colonists from selling wool
to England
 Adam Smith called these policies Mercantilism
“If God were not pleased with our inheriting these parts, why doth
he still make roome for us by diminishing them as we increase?”
~John Winthrop
 Natives adopted tactic of retreat, collaboration,
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assimilation and resistance after contact
Years of war and disease devastated their numbers
Loss of land over time
Increased reliance on European goods and trade
Addiction to tobacco and alcohol
Neglected of native culture
Increased social division and new structures
Disruption of gender relations
 War did not occur all the time
 Natives showed the settlers how to plant corn, where
to fish, learned their language and even inter-married
at times
 Squanto aided the Pilgrims in their early days
 Pocahontas moved to adopt John Smith as werowance
or subordinate chief after flinging herself on his body
after his capture
 She eventually married John Rolfe and went to England
 Relations with the New
England Wampanoag
deteriorated after “first thanksgiving”
 Pequot War – 1634 fighting erupted after two traders
were killed in Pequot territory
 King Philip’s War - 1675 MA arrested and executed three
Wampanoag for murder
 Wampanoag chief Metacomet, also known as King Philip, led
the fighting for over a year
 Towns were burned and perhaps over 3000 died in the
fighting—including Metacomet who was drawn and
quartered
 Forced encomienda system, treatment of women,
religious oppression all contributed to upheaval in
New Mexico
 Drought and disease had decimated native numbers
from 100,000 to 17,000
 1680 Rio Grande pueblo natives resisted Spanish power
by laying siege to capital Santa Fe killing 400+ and
driving the Spanish out for a decade
 Beaver Wars pitted armed Iroquois Confederacy
against other groups to control trade with French
 By 1660 prisoners made up nearly half of communities
 Jesuit priests began living with natives for conversion
 Tribal confederation led by
Algonquin-speaking Chief Powhatan
 Traded skeptically with the colonists
 Opechancanough, Powhatan’s
brother attacked Jamestown in 1622
along with 12 groups and killed 300
 Charter revoked and declared a royal
colony
 Gov and ministers appointed by King
 HOB stays but new Privy Council ratifies
 Church of England established as legal church
 Settlers pay taxes to church clergy
Caribbean, Restoration and Proprietary Colonies
 Caribbean colonies were extremely profitable
 Sugar profits exceeded all of those of the mainland
colonies
 2/3 of English migrants headed for the Caribbean
 Barbados was the jewel
of the region
 Indenture turned to
kidnapping then
convicts then slaves
 Upon the ascension of Charles II new colonies were
chartered
 1614 Dutch established trading outposts at Albany and New
Amsterdam on Manhattan Island
 Dutch welcomed traders across nations and religions
 English conquered and divided into New York and Jersey
 William Penn was given a land grant for a debt owed and
established a tolerant Pennsylvania
 Carolinas opened as a store colony to supply the Caribbean
 Settled similar to Chesapeake, split between NC/SC 1700s
 Founders sought profit and a buffer with Spanish Florida