Alexis de Tocqueville
Democracy in America
Five Values
1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy
2. Individualism-free to flourish without regard to station in life
3. Populism-participation of common people
4. Egalitarianism- society of equals
5. Liberty-protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith
Founding Father’s Line-up
1. Benjamin Rush-Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I
2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders
3. John Peter Muhlenberg-clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British
4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British,
helped supply Washington’s army
5. John Hancock-Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I
6. John Witherspoon -signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton)
7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I
8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights
Charters of Freedom
1.
Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be selfevident”
2.
Constitution – Preamble-
3.
Bill of Rights – first ten amendments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. self-incrimination, double jeopardy, private
property taken without compensation
a. form a more perfect union
b. establish justice
c. insure domestic tranquility
d. provide for the common defense
e. promote the general welfare
Principles of the US
Constitution
Seven Principles
1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie,
presidential Veto
2. Federalism - powers divided between national and state governments, working
together
3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial
4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in
the Constitution
5. Republicanism –democratic government of representatives elected by the people
6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the
governed
7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution
Bill
of
Rights
1 TEN AMENDMENTS
st
I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press, speech
II. Right to bear arms III. Quartering of TroopsIV Search and Seizure- protects against unreasonable searches and seizure
V. Criminal Proceedings;Due Process; Eminent Domain –
-grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination;eminent domain
VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury
VII. Civil Trials – jury trial in civil cases
VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment
IX Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you
don’t have that right
X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal
government are reserved to the states
Westward Expansion
Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘ ar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area
Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast
Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians
Cattle Boom-drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big
cities
Railroads – transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 Utah –
- national market
- bring settlers west
Indian Wars-defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the
west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
Dawes Act-attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools
taught trades
Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help,
- populist movement – address issues, silver
POLITICAL MACHINES
Who was the famous political
boss of Tammany Hall,
NYC?
Boss Tweed
Corruption
Bribery
IMMIGRATION
Push factors?
war, natural disaster
Pull factors?
Jobs, education, land, opportunity
New immigrants from
southern/eastern Europe
What was nativism?
Favoring native born over immigs.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What
was the economic impact?
Wages increase, unemployment
declines
Social Gospel – Christian value that
motivated social reform efforts (ex.
Salvation Army)
What was Americanization?
adopting American customs
BUSINESS
 Free enterprise, laissez-faire government
and abundant resources caused —
large scale economic growth
Led to growth of industry / corporations /
trusts / monopolies
Entrepreneurs
Andrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of
Wealth (philanthropy)
John Rockefeller – Standard Oil
List workplace abuses—
long hours, low wages, unsafe
conditions
Why was this called the Gilded Age?
Thin layer of prosperity
covering abuses by corps.
What was Social Darwinism?
survival of the fittest, no govern.
intervention
TECHNOLOGY
Elevator
Telephone/telegraph
Oil drilling
Bessemer Process
Electricity
How did technology impact
business?
Expansion of businesses,
overproduction, need for markets
overseas
URBANIZATION
Rural to urban-Why did people
move?
Rapid growth brought
problems:
Overcrowding
Sanitation problems
Tenements
Infrastructure
Corruption
Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact.
Progressive Era Reforms
Muckraker
Problem
Economic
1.
Monopolies/trusts
2.
3.
Banks
Laissez-faire government


Ida Tarbell = Standard Oil
Theodore Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Reform



Social
1.
Civil Rights
2.
Suffrage
3.
Working conditions
4.
5.
Living conditions





Ida B. Wells - lynching
W.E.B. DuBois- founded NAACP
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton – women’s rights
Susan B. Anthony
Jane Addams, Jacob Riis
 Booker T.
Washington- gradual equality
Consumer safety
Upton Sinclair
wrote —The Jungle
Political
1.
Government corruption
2.
Amendments


Lincoln Steffens


Teddy Roosevelt
Robert LaFollette
Environment
1.
Abuse of natural
resources
John Muir


Business regulation:
o
Interstate Commerce Act
o
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
o
Clayton Anti-Trust
Federal Reserve Act 1913
—Established the Federal Reserve
System to help with economic issues,
control the flow on money eliminate
drastic fluctuation in economy
19th Amendment
Settlement houses
Education


Meat Inspection Act
Pure Food and Drug Act


prevent unfair business practices, restore
competitive market place
16th Amendment—
o
Income Tax
NAACP









What impact did the reform
have?
Protects consumers from harmful food and
drugs
Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor
Initiative— introduce bills & vote
Recall— remove elected official
Referendum— directly on ballot
Direct Primary—selection of cand
17th Amendment—Senators
Civil Service Reform—no spoils
system
gives citizens more control of
government, more opportunities to
participate
National Park Service Act
National Park System
8
American Imperialism
From Isolationism to Expansionism
Why?



Military
o
Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong
navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power
Upon History”
o
Protection of territories
o
Refueling ports
Economic/Political
o
Need for raw materials and markets.
o
Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued
trade with _China_.
o
Boxer Rebellion
o
Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give
_financial _ support to other countries.
o
Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U.S.
troops to intervene in Central America.
Social
o
Spread of American institutions
o
Missionary zeal
o
Christian Duty
Examples:





Annexation of Hawaii
o
Sandford B. Dole – helped overthrow Queen
o
Missionaries
o
Military Port- fueling station
Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade
Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for
expansionism— what is that?
social gospel- white man’s burden
Christian duty
How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy?
-isolationism
Panama Canal
o
Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt
oversaw
o
Improved trade and military movement
o
Malaria/challenges of geography
Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power?
9
Who?

U.S. vs.
Spain

Yellow journalism—Pulitzer
and Hearst newspapers used
this exaggerated form of
journalism
When?
1898
Where?
Havana, _Cuba_____
___USS MAINE______ is sent
to Cuba to protect U.S.
interests
San Juan Hill Victory of Rough
Riders led by
Teddy Roosevelt
Philippines
Explodes and seen as an attack
on the U.S.- sabatage
Spanish American War
Review this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks
Why?
USS Maine sinks and the U.S.
blames ___Spain_____
How?

Media—
Yellow journalism increases
support

Land—
U.S. fought Spain in Cuba
and the Phillipines

Sea—
U.S. defeats _Spain quickly
 DéLome letter calls President
McKinley weak. Americans are
___Outraged_ and protest
Significance
U.S. acquired territory from
Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico,
and Philippines
Platt Amendment— U.S.
could intervene in Cuba
Why is this war considered
a turning point?
US wins; now a world power
10
Who?
Technological Innovations?
Effects of Technological
Innovations
President Wilson initially declared
neutrality
Alliances:
_Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__
submarines
American Expeditionary Forces
(AEF) led by__John Pershing___
machine guns
Argonne Forest one of the most
famous battles (1918)because
turning point; _ Allied victory_
Alvin York won the Medal of Honor
poison gas
Stalemate led to …
tanks/planes
Massive casualties
Western Front— hundreds of
miles of battle front along eastern
France
Trench warfare … led to a
When?1914-1918___
Another
Turning
Point!
World War I—Why is this a Turning Point?
Militarism: strong military
Alliances:linked together
Imperialism:compete for
colonies
Nationalism: national pride
 Assassination of Arch Duke
Ferdinand_1914__
When__1917__

Lusitania is sunk
Germany’s unrestricted
_submarine warfare__ warfare
Ties to Allies
Zimmerman_Telegram
Sussex Pledge- promise to
warn passagengers before
attack
Treaty of Versailles—
Germany reparations and
accept war guilt
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
created League of _Nations_
Great Migration- African Amer.
Move north
U.S. returns to isolationism
International instability
Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act
restricted freedom of speech_
Selective Service Act – Drafted
11
“Change in theBack”
“Business in theFront”
POLITICAL
 “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s
reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire
policies
Harding & Teapot Dome Scandal
18TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol
19th Amendment— women’s right to vote
21st Amendment—repeal prohibition
ECONOMIC
$Economic Boom—How did these impact the
Economy?
$Mass Production/Assembly Line$Henry Ford
$Laissez-Faire – “hands off”
$Buying-on-Credit
SOCIAL
o
Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti— targets of navists
o
Growth of nativism
o
Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924
o
Eugenics- selective breeding
Great Migration influenced culture
o
Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied
to society and business
o
SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalism
Adventure—
o Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in plane
o Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1st to
design seaplane that could take off and land on water
Changing Role of Women—
o Flappers
o Frances Willard — Temperance Movement
o Women’s Rights Movement
Cultural Values—
o Prohibition Organized Crime
o Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between traditionalism
and modernism over teaching evolution.
Clarence Darrow – defense attorney
William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor
Art, Music & Literature
o Jazz Age – birth of new music
o Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes
Marcus Garvey
o
Tin Pan Alley—
o
Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great
Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis
12
1920’s
1930’s
1929
Warning Signs—

Overproduction

Speculation and _buying____on margin

Buying on credit

Bad banking practices

Federal trade policies
What was Black Tuesday? Stock market crash
Immediate reactions—

People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans

Bank runs/failures

Reduced demand for goods/unemployment
Hoover—

Rugged__individualism____

Believed government involvement should be limited

Reconstruction Finance Corp.

Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to
their home country

Hoovervilles
Effects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time

Widespread unemployment

Business failures

Foreclosures

Homelessness – hobos

Americans looked to government to solve economic problems
Dust Bowl—

Where? midwest

Why? 10 yr drought

Impact? Worst natural disaster in US history; millions left region

Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties
FDR is elected (1932)—

Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy

“Fireside Chats” reassured Americans

Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist

Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor
New Deal provided—

Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs

Recovery —support production

Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act
Opposition—

A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government
was overstepping its power
FDR’s Court-packing—

FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal

Viewed as challenge to separation of powers
New Monetary Policy—

Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy
13
FDR’s
NEW
DEAL
Instructions: What is important about the following—
Relief
(Short-term)
Is like — bandaide
Recovery
(Stimulus)
Reform
(Systematic)
Is like — cast
Is like —new limb
Bank Holiday:
closed all banks until they were
financially stable
National Recovery Administration:
set price and production controls and
minimum wage
Securities & Exchange
Commission: watches stock market activity and
prevent fraud
Emergency Mortgage Loans:
Work Relief Programs:
Civilian Conservation Corps
Public Works Program
Works Progress Admin.
Decreased
spending
Decreased
wages
Agricultural Adjustment
Administration:
paid farmers to plant less; gov’t bought farm
surplus to control prices
Increased
spending
Increased
employment
Increased wages
Unemployment
Social Security Administration provides
unemployment insurance, retirement pemsions –
workers pay in contributions:
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.: insure bank
deposits up to$ 250,00
Tennessee Valley Authority: created dams along
the Tennessee River to provide electricity
14
All of these
are in effect
today!
Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out
of war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to
Britain
Roosevelt—
Pres. During most of WWII
Appeasement— giving in to demands to avoid
Pacific Theatre
war
Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan
Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US
Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China
against Japan
declares war
Bataan Death March—60 mile march
through jungles of Philippines faced
starvation and death
Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy
Navajo Code Talkers— used to send
messages
Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated
Japanese at Battle of Midway
Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command.
In Pacific
George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer
of Victory
Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning
point
Atomic bombs dropped- Truman;
Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives
Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—
Japanese Americans placed in camps
Office of War Information + Propaganda—
make public aware of how they could help
War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways
to support war effort
Volunteering/patriotism— Women- Afric.Amer.
Enlist— brought an end to Depression
Mobilization— prepare for war, War Prod.
Board
Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of
Honor
Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany
Benito Mussolini— leader of Italy
Joseph Stalin— leader of USSR/ Allies
Dictatorship— single leader total control
Aggression— Hitler’s move through Europe
Winston Churchill— leader of Britain
Fascism—extreme nationalism
George Patton— US Commander led army
through Africa and Italy
Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm.
Led invasion of France at
Normandy
Omar Bradley-led first army through France
D-Day Invasion & Normandy—
Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot
unit led to integration of military
Holocaust— Hitler’s genocide
Liberation of concentration camps— Allies
realize the extent of the Holocaust
June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion
Aug. 1945 Atomic Bombs
1942
Midway
Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor
Political Characteristics:
-multi-party system
A Battle of
Ideology
Political Characteristics:
- Communists party control
- Freedom of expression, religion
- One party leader
Who was
involved?
Economic Characteristics:
- Command economy
-free market
-economic freedom
-private ownership of business
Economic
characteristics:
United
States/
Western
Europe
U.S.S.R.
(Soviet
Union)
- No economic freedoms
- No private property
- State ownership of business
-supply and demand determine
price
Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting
communism
Containment Policy —prevent the spread of comm.
Marshall Plan — aid to European countries to rebuild
Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO
Satellite Nations — eastern European countries
part of USSR/ Poland
NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies
Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and
Domino Theory — fear of spread of Comm /Vietnam
communist/Churchill
Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/
Berlin Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet16
Space Race— sputnik
Education Priorities—
math/science
Moon-Landing—1969
Arms Race—atomic weapons
Red-Scare—fear of Comm.
HUAC—house of un-amer.
Act. Comm
Joseph McCarthy— McCath
SOVIET UNION
Europe
Marshall Plan
Sputnik—1957
TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race
Berlin Airlift aid to
Arms Race – a-bombs
city
Breakup of U.S.S.R.- 1990’s
Berlin Wall
revolution
KoreaOutcome- 39th parallel/ same
as before the war
Venona Papers—confirmed
spys
Vietnam—
Détente—relax tensions/nixon
Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow
CUBA
Presidents’ Views?
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ
Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers
Truman—containment
Fidel Castro—Which form of
Eisenhower—domino theory
government? - communists
Kennedy—flexible response
Johnson—domino theory
Mao Zedong –communists
reasons- containment
Rosenberg Trials— spys
Star Wars—Reagan/
China
Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? – overthrow
Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner
Tet Offensive— major Vietcong Offensive/throughout
VN
Anti-War Movement—protesting war
Nixon—détente/normalization
Castro/unsuccessful
Vietnamization—
Ford—détente
Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened?
Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US
withdraw
Carter—negotiation/human
rights
Reagan—Regan Doctrine
Bush—End of the Cold War
-russia placing missiles in Cuba/
Kennedy forces them out
Nixon’s plan to end war in VN
War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war
17
Housing Boom
Baby Boom — increase in
population
What was the impact? Housing,
transportation, schools, hospitals
Growth of the
Low cost mortgages
Money for college
suburbs__
What impact did this have?
need for housing, suburbs,
Transportation—
Interstate Highway Actconnected nation, IKE
GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided—
Religious resurgence—
Levittown
Migration -suburbs
”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many
comes one—became official in 1956
Increased consumption/spending
Economic prosperity
Business Growth —
More leisure time
Franchises (McDonalds)
“In God We Trust” national motto adopted in
1956
Growth of churches
Non-Conformist Ideas
Communication (TV) - ads
Fear of Communism
Beat Generation
Jack Kerouac
Science —
Polio & Measles vaccine- Jonas
Salk
Rebelled against conformity
Advances in surgery
Pop Culture— rock & roll
1950
Legislation/Landmark Court Cases
Civil War Amendments:



Legislation (cont.)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —Mex-Amer entitled to 14th
amendment
13th —abolish slavery
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) —separate was not
equal
Founding of NAACP (1909)—W.E.B. DuBois —
National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)— 15 month long
boycott led by MLK, Rosa Parks – successful
14th —citizenship
15th —voting for African-American Males
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) —separate is equal
Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —segregation of
children of groups illegal
Civil Rights Act of 1957 —Civil Rights Comm. –Federal
Courts could register Afri-Amer to vote, Civil Rights
Division of Justice Dept.
Little Rock Nine (1957) —Ike sent National guard to escort
students to class
Civil Rights Act of 1964 —prohibited discrimination
based on race, gender in public accommadations
Sit-Ins (1960-61) —student led movement to integrate
public facilities
24th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal
elections) barriers to voting eliminated
1965 Voting Rights Act —eliminated literacy tests, led
to increase in Afri-Amer voting
Executive Order 9981, (1948) — Truman integrates
military
Affirmative Action (1965) —take positive steps to
increase number of minorities in work place, colleges,
recruit minority applicants
Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) —
segregation of Mex-Amer. Children illegal
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) — UT Law school must
admitt African-American
Edgewood v. Kirby – equal funding for all students
in Texas, rich areas and poor areas
Selma March- march to capital of Alabama for voting
rights
Freedom Rides (1961)—intigrate interstate bus terminals,
violent, many arrested
James Meredith (`1962)—Univ. of Miss student violence,
JFK sent Nat. guard to restore order
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-famous MLK letter,
explaining to many that the time for waiting was over
March on Washington (1963) —force the Fed. To take a
stand at the national level, led to Civil Rights act of 64;
famous “I Have a Dream “ speech
Civil Rights Movement
INSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer
African Americans
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Civil Disobedience —
SCLC/SNCC
disobey unjust laws
Montgomery Bus Boycott
March on Washington
Selma March
Influenced by —
Gandhi
Gathered widespread
support by — using nonviolence
Malcolm X
Views —
segregation of races,
Women
Black Panthers
Views —
Militant
’any means necessary’
Black Power
Betty Friedan
wrote —
Feminine Mystique__
National Organization for
Women (NOW) – chief
voice of Women’s
Movement
Hispanic Americans
Cesar Chavez and Dolores
Huerta
led the United —
Farm Workers_______
(UFW)
o
Boycotts
-target consumers
Hector P. Garcia started
GI Forum for —
Influenced by —
Muslim
Nation of Islam
Gloria Steinam —
Ms Magazine
Community –based
political organization—
Roe v. Wade (1973)
legalized —
Famous Quotes/Speeches
”I Have A Dream”
Letter from Birmingham
Latin-American____
rights.
Assassinated 1965Rival Nation of Islam
members
Leaders—
Stocky Carmichael
Huey Newton
Bobby Seale
Equal Pay Act —
women same pay as men
for same job
Title IX (1972) — banned
sex discrimination in
education
American Indian
Movement (AIM) —
-temporarily occupied
government buildings at;

Alcatraz

Wounded Knee
Introduced term Native
American
and
brought attention to
discrimination and bias
LULAC —League of United ****RED POWER*****
Latin American Citizens
abortion__
Turning Point —
o
Assassinated 1968Memphis, Tenn.
American Indian
La Raza Unida —
United Race Party
MAYO-Mexican American
Youth Organization
Chicano Mural Movement
—pride in Mex. Amer.
Heritage, culture
Report Card on the 1970s Presidents
President
Example:
Nixon-R
Describe the topic or event
Détente
Nixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy
Nixon
1st
Nixon
Normalization in Relations with China
president to visit china after revolution of 1948;increase trade
First Amendment Rights
Tinker v. Des Monies (1968) —students allowed to wear arm bands as a protest of war
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) —freedom of religion, amish children not required to attend public school after
8th grade
Environmental Protection Act (EPA) & Endangered Species Act
Protection of the environment
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Phyllis Schlafly – conservative opposed ERA, reduce rights of women; failed to pass, extended, failed
War Powers Act
Limit the power of the President in any conflict without a formal declaration of war
Fall of Saigon
communists took control of South Vietnam, reunifying all of Vietnam under communists control
Nixon
Watergate Scandal
President Nixon was found to be involved in covering up for members of his staff for criminal activity; led to
impeachment vote, resignation of Nixon
Ford-R
Pardon of Nixon
Raised tremendous controversy when President Ford granted Nixon a full and complete pardon
Carter-D
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – imposed embargo on US, led to energy crisis, prices
skyrocketed - stagflation
Department of Energy - Cabinet level position created by Carter in response to the energy crisis
Carter
Community Reinvestment Act
Require banks to make credit available in poor communities
Carter
Panama Canal Treaty
Turn over control of the canal to Panama by the end of the century
Carter
Carter
Give them a Grade
Camp David Accords
peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, ending 30 yrs of fighting
Iran Hostage Crisis
Iranian students seized US embassy and held them hostage for over a year
A
Ronald Reagan
George Bush
Republican (1981-1989)
Republican (1989-1993)


What is significant about the
Americans with Disabilities Act?
prohibited discrimination of people with
disabilities in employment

What signifies the end of the Cold
War?
eastern European countries moved
away from Communism, Berlin Wall
comes down,


Supported by social conservatives
—Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to
ERA
Won using conservative ideas
(remember Goldwater 1964) and
optimism
What was Reaganomics?
supply-side economics
cut taxes to business, wealth

What was “Peace through Strength”?
-Star wars – “Let he who desires peace
prepare for war”
How was the U.S. involved in the
Iran-Contra Affair?
sold weapons to Iran for release of
Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua
•
o
When? 1991
Why did the U.S. get involved in the
Persian Gulf War?
Iraq invaded Kuwait,
greatest foreign policy
achievement
Why were U.S. Marines in Lebanon?
International peace-keeping force, attacked by
suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed

Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first
woman to U.S. Supreme Court
(1981)
Moral Majority

People moving from Rust Belt region
to the Sunbelt region

Heritage Foundation
People moved from industrial
Mid-west to Southwest for jobs
National Rifle Association
Bill Clinton
1993-2001

George W. Bush
2001-2009
Financial Crisis of 2008 led to—
Attempted health care reform with
Hillary Clinton leading task force – did
Home foreclosures
not pass Congress
Supported welfare reform, lower taxes,
Fear of financial failures
and stricter crime prevention measures
Barack Obama
2009-2017



Economic
Issues




Political
Issues



GATT — Changed to World Trade
Organization
NAFTA— impacted trade in_N. America_
Ross Perot —3rd party candidates can
impact elections
Contract with America was supported by
__Republicans___ proposed by Newt
Gengrich, Republican Speaker of the
House



Balkan Crisis
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008)
gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and
businesses from failing
2000 Election — what was unique?
Gore won pop. Vote – lost election – Supreme
Court ruled no recount- Bush wins
2001 Terrorist Attack — Turning Point
9/11 - Homeland Security, TSA
U.S. Patriot Act created to—
conduct sweeping searches, monitor activity
—Iraq – Remove Saddam Hussein



American Recovery and Reinvestment
Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus –
create new jobs, 700 billion, save auto
industry
Banking and credit reform – regulate
credit cards, banks
2008 Election Turning Point – First
African American President – social
media, grassroots ,
Affordable Care Act – health care for all,
attempted by every Democratic Pres.
Since 1940’s
Appointed _Sonia Sotomayor_ 1st Hispanic
American to U.S. Supreme Court
No Child Left Behind was created to  Appointed— Hillary Clinton
_as Secretary of State
—Make schools accountable for
—Afghanistan- search for bin Laden

Social
Issues

Scandal led to impeachment (formal
accusation) by the House of
Representatives__________
____Senate__ vote did not remove the
president

teaching all students
Hurricane Katrina caused by natural
disaster and human factors (levee
failure, delayed rescue) – Bush
criticized for delayed reaction, led to
many people deaths

Influence of Oprah Winfrey – star
power, $$$$$$$$,
24
Technological Innovation
How have these improved business and
American’s standard of living?
Satellites— orbit the earth send signals –
space junk, pictures
Cell phones— instant info and connection,
issues? -----Personal computers— manage info, save
info, reduce work load,
Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce
employment
Just-in-time inventory management—
parts arrive at the precise time in the
manufacturing process
Information technology— increase in
production, high tech jobs
Genetic engineering— thousands of
diseases such as cancer may be cured
Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform
a task, help manage workers and
production
Globalization
Business Marketplace
How have these encouraged
globalization?
How does free enterprise impact the
creation of discoveries in the U.S.?
Internet— world wide linking of
computers,
powerful incentive to meet consumer
demands, free to produce and choose
products
e-commerce, doing business on
computer
Growth of multi-national corporations—
What contribution have these
entrepreneurs made to the United
States?
multi-national corps. Can move
production to other places to avoid
taxes and regs.
Bill Gates— Microsoft
Energy needs—rising population has led
to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar,
hydro,
Esteé Lauder— cosmetics
Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks,
global warming acid rain, ozone layer
American culture— energy conservation,
environmental issues
Sam Walton— Wal-Mart
Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad
agency
Robert Johnson—
BET
Oprah Winfrey— influence public
opinion, philanthropy
Industrialization/Child Labor
Gilded Age
Immigration/Nativism
Westward Expansion/Manifest Destiny
Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR
20’s/Flappers
Urbanization/How the
other half lives
Americanization/
Assimilation
Stock Market Crash/
Depression
Spanish American War
Depression 30’s
Arms Race/Cold War
WW I
Progressive Era
New Deal/ 3R’s
WW II
Baby Boom/ Suburbs
Rosa Parks/Montgomery
Bus Boycott
Space Race/1969
Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers
1991 – Fall of Communism
Sputnik 1957
Anti-War Movement
Election 2008
MLK/Assassinated 1968
70’s Watergate/Lack of
Confidence in Gov’t
9/11/2001