Chapter 32:
Struggles for Change
 One
of the most influential people in the
fight for women’s rights was Betty Friedan
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The Feminine Mystique
Concluded that women were unhappy with their
lives as homemakers and mothers
 Many
sought jobs outside the home, even
before Friedan’s book
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Women still earned less than men, even for the
same jobs
JFK signed the Equal Pay Act in 1963
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protected women
from discrimination in employment
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission to ensure enforcement

The National Organization for Women (NOW)
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Formed in 1966
Lobbied the government for women’s rights
Gloria Steinem
Helped to form the National Women’s Political Caucus
that encouraged women to run for office
 Founder of Ms. Magazine, created as an outlet for the
liberation of women
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The government responded in several ways
Education Amendment Act (1972) outlawed
discrimination in education
 Title IX: required colleges to offer sports for women in a
fair manner
 Roe v. Wade (1973): overturned laws that prevented
abortions
 Equal Rights Amendment: gained momentum throughout
the 1960s and 1970s, but was dead in 1982

 Hispanics
also fought for their rights
 Movement began with Mexican American farm
workers
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Led by Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm worker
Workers of the National Farm Workers Association
(NFWA) fought for better wages in the grape
industry, striking for over 5 years
Eventually signed contracts to go back to work, but
formed the United Farm Workers in the process
Movement led to a broader Mexican American rights
movement, even thought the UFW was not an
exclusive Mexican American union
 Many
people fought for the rights in regards
to lands they had lost over the years
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Reies Lopez Tijerina led the Alianza Federal de
Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants) in NM
Fought to regain land that had been taken away
from Mexican Americas
Violence and arrests plagued the movement and
in the end, they did not win, but it inspired a
new activist generation of Mexican Americans
 Educational
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reform was also a popular issue
Students in LA in 1968 took to the streets
demanding better schools and opportunities
Included members of the Brown Berets, a group
similar to the Black Panthers
Other activists stood up for rights outside of farm
workers, education and land grants
 Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales led the Crusade for
Justice
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Promoted Mexican American nationalism and separatism
Jose Angel Gutierrez formed the Mexican American
Youth Organization in 1967 (MAYO)
Worked in his state of Texas for educational equality
 Also helped found La Raza Unida Party in 1972
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La Raza Unida Party was a Chicano political party
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Won some victories in Texas, but nationally was limited
in power
Eventually dissolved in the late 1970s

Red Power was formed in the 1960s to fight for
rights of Native Americans
Called for rights to govern their own communities
 Demanded payment for lost lands
 Occupied Alcatraz Island near SF, CA in 1969 in protest
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American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968
Called for renewal of Native culture and recognition
of rights
 Occupied a trading post in Wounded Knee, SD in 1972,
demanding that the government negotiate with them
over broken treaties
 After two activists were killed, the government
agreed to negotiate
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The movement helped many tribes regain lands
and address the problems that plague many
 People
with disabilities, children and the
elderly fought for their rights
 Many laws passed to address peoples’ rights
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Rehabilitation Act: eliminated discrimination
based on disability
Education for All Handicapped Children Act: must
provide education to all, regardless of disability
Children’s Defense Fund: funded to help provide
children with basic means
Older Americans Act: provide elderly with basic
means

American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) and
the Gray Panthers: fights for the rights of the elderly
The youth of the 1960s rejected many of the
ideals of the older generation, creating a
massive generation gap
 College campuses were the scene of countless
protests to the establishment
 Out of the protest and generation gap came the
hippies, hoping to create a new alternative
lifestyle, contrary to the norm

Open to many “obscene” activities, like public nudity,
profanity, drug use, and multiple sexual partners
 Many lived on communes, where people worked
together to survive
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Hippie fashion became popular
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Men had long hair and beards
Tie dye, jeans and beads
Many blacks wore afros
 Religion
began to lose influence, but many
became interested in Eastern religions, like
Zen Buddism
 Art began to appeal to a wider audience
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Became known as pop art
Andy Warhol used everyday things to create
psychedelic pieces
 The
movie rating system we know today was
born, giving the movie industry the power to
rate
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Music was a large part of 1960s culture
Rock music
Influenced heavily by British artists like the Beatles and Rolling
Stones
 Other artists like Jimi Hendrix plugged in guitars to play
distorted, very loud musci
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Folk music
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Motown and Soul
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People like Bob Dylan revitalized folk music, eventually
combining it with rock
Resurgence of black musicians in the form of R & B and soul
music
Woodstock
Huge festival in upstate NY in August 1969
 3 days with over 400,000 people and dozens of bands
 Very peaceful even though food and water were short
 Led to the Rolling Stones playing a free show later in the year
near SF, CA, but turned bloody when the Hells Angels stabbed a
concert goer at the show
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