AIM: How can we describe
the basic characteristics of
plants?
Do Now: Name all the plants
you saw today
H.W. Read pages 238-245
and do questions 1-5 on
245.
List The 5 Characteristics of Plants
1. They perform photosynthesis to
make GLUCOSE.
2. Can NOT move from place to place.
3. They have CELL WALLS for
support.
4. They are MULTICELLULAR and
have SPECIALIZED tissues.
5. Must have LIGHT, CO2, H2O, O2,
and minerals.
What is VASCULAR TISSUE??
- tubelike cells that transport food &
water through a plant.
How does vascular tissue help a
plant?
- allows plants to be large organisms
since it enables them to transport
important nutrients from one part
of a plant to another.
What are the 2 kinds of vascular
tissue?
1. XYLEM – carries H2o from roots
(zylum) to leaves.
2. PHLOEM – FOOD from leaves to
(flowum) roots and vice versa.
What are the 2 kinds of plants?
• Vascular = TRACHEOPHYTES =
plants that have roots, stems and
leaves.
Ex: trees, grasses
2. Non-vascular = BRYOPHYTES=
plants WITH NO roots, stems, or
leaves.
ex: mosses
Aim: How can we describe Roots,
Stems, and Leaves?
Do Now:
1. Hand in HW.
2. Describe some characteristics
of Plants.
H.W.: Read pgs 246-260 do
questions 1-5 on 251 and 1-5 on
260
What is a ROOT??
- organs of vascular plants (usually
below ground).
What are the FUNCTIONS of a
root?
1. Anchor a plant to the ground
2. Collect water & minerals from the
soil
3. Store food, vitamins, minerals
What are the 2 KINDS OF ROOTS?
1. TAP ROOT
– large slender root used to store
food
Ex: carrot, radish, dandelion
2. FIBROUS ROOT
– long branching roots.
Ex: trees, grass
ROOT TIP DIAGRAM:
1. ROOT HAIR – absorbs H2O
2. CORTEX – stores food
3. EPIDERMIS – protective layer
4. ROOT CAP – protects root tip
5. PHLOEM – carries food
6. XYLEM – carries H2O up to leaves
7. GROWTH REGION – dividing
cells, area of growth.
Cross Section of a root
What is a STEM?
- organ which connects roots &
leaves.
FUNCTIONS:
- supports leaves for light
- Stores food
- Contain vascular tissue to transport
food & water.
What are the TYPES OF STEMS?
1. HERBACEOUS
- soft, green, flexible
- live 1-2 years
- can do photosynthesis
ex: grass, tulips, weeds
2. WOODY
- hard, brown, rigid
- live many years
- cannot do photosynthesis
ex: shrubs, trees
What are the rings in a tree trunk?
- layers of old
xylem cells.
- New xylem is
formed every
year by the
CAMBIUM
**Rings do not
form in
herbaceous
stems.
What is a LEAF?
- plant organ that produces food
(glucose) by photosynthesis.
LEAF DIAGRAM:
1. CUTICLE – waxy layer, prevents H2O loss
2. EPIDERMIS –clear,protective layer of cells
3. PALLISADE LAYER-most photosynthesis
occurs here; cells w/lots of chloroplasts
4. SPONGY LAYER-little photosynthesis here
5. VEIN – vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
6. STOMATE – pore for gas exchange
7. GUARD CELLS – open & close stomates
How do plants make their own
food?
- by photosynthesis
- They use CHLOROPHYLL (green
pigment) to trap light energy and
store the energy in glucose.
What is the formula for
photosynthesis???
CO2+H2O+sunlight+chlorophyll+enzymes ---- C6H12O6+O2+H2O
How does the plant get the
reactants?
CO2 – enters leaf thru stomates
H2O – roots absorb it & xylem
carries it to leaf
LIGHT – from the sun
ENZYMES & CHLOROPHYLL are
made by the cells in the leaf.
What does the plant do with the
products?
GLUCOSE – broken down for energy by
mitochondria during respiration
OXYGEN + WATER are excreted
through the stomates.
What is the relationship b/w
photosynthesis & respiration?
THEY ARE OPPOSITES! . . .
- respiration releases energy while
- Photosynthesis stores energy
How are the reactants different?
respiration – glucose & O2
photosynthesis – energy, CO2, H2O
How are the products different?
resp. – energy, CO2, H2O
photosyn. - glucose & O2
Where do they occur in the cell?
resp. occurs in the mitochondria of ALL
cells.
photosyn. occurs in the chloroplasts of
SOME leaf cells.
Resp. = C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O +
energy
Photosyn = CO2 + H2O + light
C6H12O6 + O2 +H2O
What is a TROPISM???
- growth of a plant in response to a
stimulus.
** caused by plant hormones called
AUXINS
What are some plant tropisms??
Phototropism = growth in response to
light
Geotropism = growth in response to
gravity
Hydrotropism = growth in response
to water
Thigmotropism = growth in response
to touch
What is a POSITIVE tropism?
- growth toward the stimulus
What is a NEGATIVE tropism?
- growth away from a stimulus
How do plants reproduce asexually?
- plants use spores OR roots, stems,
or leaves to reproduce ASEXUALLY
What are SPORES?
- reproductive cells produced by
MITOSIS
Which plants use spores?
Moss & ferns
What is VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION?
- reproducing new plants from
vegetative structures (roots,
stems, leaves) of a plant.
TYPES:
1) Bulb – short underground stem
surrounded by fleshy leaves.
- contain stored food & can
form new plants
Ex: onions, tulips, lillies
2) Runners – horizontal stem that
grows along the surface of the
ground.
- where stem touches soil it can
form a new plant
Ex: strawberry plants, grasses
3) Tuber –swollen portion of
underground stem with buds or
“eyes”
- new plant develops from eye
ex: potato, yams
4) Rhizome – underground stem that
produces new plants.
Ex. Grass, iris
5) Cuttings – leaf which can produce
roots
Ex: ivy, geranium
6) Grafting – combining the parts of
2 different plants.
How do plants reproduce sexually?
- Plants produce sperm and egg in special
structures called cones and flowers
What is a cone?
- Reproductive structure with overlapping
scales.
Male Cone = small, produce pollen (sperm)
Female Cone = large, produce egg and seeds
Conifers = plants that use cones
- most have needles
- EX: Pine tree
What is a FLOWER?
Reproductive structure of most plants
Parts and functions
1. STIGMA- sticky catches pollen
2. STYLE- Supports the stigma
3. OVARY - becomes the fruit
4. OVULE- produces the egg
5. EGG- becomes the seed
6. POLLEN - holds sperm
7. ANTHER - produces pollen
8. FILAMENT - supports the anther
9. PETAL - attracts insects with color and odor
10. SEPAL - protects the “bud”
11. STEM - supports the flower
The pistil is the complete female part of
the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule,
egg)
The stamen is the complete male part of
the flower (anther, filament, pollen)
3 Types of Flowers
1. Complete - contains both male and
female parts
2. Incomplete - has either male or
female parts
3. Compound - has many sets of parts
What is POLLINATION?
- The transfer of pollen from the
anther to the stigma
How???
- When wind, water, or animals
carry pollen from flower to flower
What is cross
POLLINATION?
Pollen is transferred from one
flower to another flower
What is self
POLLINATION?
- a complete flower transfers Pollen
to its own stigma
Exploring Fruit
Where do seeds come from?
• With your partner, make observations about
your fruit
• Once you’ve gathered enough info, walk
around and share your information with two
other groups
• Why is there so much diversity among all
these fruits?
What is
FERTILIZATION?
• The Uniting of a pollen grain (sperm)
with an egg.
Pollination to fruit
development in a flower
• 1. Pollination - pollen transfer
to a stigma
After Pollination….
2. Pollen/Sperm make a tube to the
egg
3. Fertilization occurs and the
flower petals wither
4.The seed and ovary develop
5.The ovary ripens
Bud on the end of a stem.
The Bud is beginning to open.
Still opening.
Almost there.
Just a little more.
The flower petals are about to
emerge.
You can see the red petal well
now
Several buds with red petals
The petals begin to unfold.
You can now see the sexual parts
in the flower.
Can you Identify the sexual parts
of the flower.
The pollen makes a tube down to
the ovary and the petals fall off.
Fertilization occurs and the
flower’s petals wither completely
away.
The seed and ovary Develop.
Still developing….
The Fruit begins to ripen.
You can start to tell that it is an
apple.
Notice the seeds in the apple
ready to be dispersed.
SUMMARY
Why are the seeds encased in fruits,
which we eat?
Why is the seed casing (hard shell)
built so tough?
What other types of food have seeds
in them? (What do squirrels eat?)
What is SEED
DISPERSAL?
- Moving the seeds away from the
parent plant.
- Why would you want to move the
seeds away from the parent
plant?
- How?????
Wind
• Dandelion seeds
More Wind Dispersion.
• Maple
seeds.
Animals
raspberry,
cherries
Water
• Coconut Seeds
What is GERMINATION?
The growth of a seed into a plant
Stages of germination:
1. Seed sprouts a root and pushes up
through the soil
2. The cotyledon feeds the plant
3. Leaves form and develop
4. The cotyledons wither away
What are ANNUALS?
Live for one year - dandelion
What are BIENNIALS?
Live for two years - celery
What are PERENNIALS?
Live for many years - trees
What is a MONOCOT?
Seed with one cotyledon - grass, corn
What is a DICOT?
Seed with 2 cotyledons
Differences in monocots and dicots:
SEEDS
MONOCOTS
DICOTS
1 cotyledon
2 cotyledons
parts in groups parts in groups
FLOWERS
of 3
of 4 & 5
vascular bundles vascular bundles
STEMS
scattered
in rings
LEAVES
veins parallel
veins netlike