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Tonight’s Presentation
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
Select Number NR0126694
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Tonight’s Team:
Tom Evans
David Keyser
Dennis Whitley
Karen Dunbar
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Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
Select Number NR0126694
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Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity
• Aerodynamics
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Similarities
• Differences
• Simplicity
• Complexity
• Aerodynamics
• Safety
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Personal Safety Standards
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Personal Safety Standards
You Never Ever Want To See This
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Cessna 421….
The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good health,
had no aviation violations and had been a pilot
since 1985, with 23,000 hours of flight
experience.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Cessna 210N…
The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot
Certificate, with airplane single and multi-engine
land and instrument ratings. In addition, he held
a Flight Instructor Certificate with single engine
and instrument airplane ratings.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• King Air B200…
A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private pilot
and passenger, safely landed King Air B200
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
•Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
•Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?
•Are single-engine airplanes really safer?
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
•Why require an additional rating to fly
multi-engine airplanes?
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
•Why require an additional rating to fly
multi-engine airplanes?
•Why require an additional rating to fly
single-engine airplanes?
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
Per flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane compared
to a Single is:
• 2 times more likely to develop problems in ANY
of its engines;
• 4 times less likely to develop problems in TWO
of its engines.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Similarities and Differences
• Approaches
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•Multi Engine Airplanes are more complex
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•If an engine fails in a twin, the remaining
engine will only carry you to the scene of
the accident quicker.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•If an engine fails in a twin, shut down the
remaining engine and crash land. Better
to land right side up, than otherwise.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•Bob just got his Private Pilot License
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•Bob just got his Private Pilot License
•Bob just bought a new Bonanza
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•Bob just got his Private Pilot License
•Bob just bought a new Bonanza
•Bob just bought a Baron
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Myths
•Bob just got his Private Pilot License
•Bob just bought a new Bonanza
•Bob just bought a Baron
•Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Facts
What Makes us safer ???
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Facts
What Makes us safer ???
•Training
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Facts
What Makes us safer ???
•Training
•Continuing Education / Re-currency
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Facts
What Makes us safer ???
•Training
•Continuing Education / Re-currency
•Additional Rating / Upgrade
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Facts
What Makes us safer ???
•Training
•Continuing Education / Re-currency
•Additional Rating / Upgrade
•Practice
FAR Part 61.31 (e)
• A Complex Aircraft is one which has manually or
automatically controllable pitch propeller, flaps,
and retractable landing gear.
• Note that these aircraft do not have to be over
200 HP.
• To be legal to fly a “Complex Aircraft" under
61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.
FAR Part 61.31 (f)
• A High Performance Aircraft is one which has
engine of more than 200 horsepower.
• Note that these aircraft do not have to have
retractable gear.
• To be legal to fly a “High Performance Aircraft"
under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight
instructor.
FAR Part 61.31 (g)
• A Pressurized Aircraft capable of operating at
high altitudes. (certificated above 25,000)
• Note that these aircraft do not have to have
retractable gear or more than 200 HP.
• To be legal to fly a “High Altitude Aircraft" under
61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor.
FAR Part 61.31 (a)
(a)A person who acts as a pilot in command of
any of the following aircraft must hold a type
rating for that aircraft:
• (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air).
• (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
• (3) Other aircraft specified by the Administrator
through aircraft type certificate procedures.
FAR Part 61…
• Sec
• Sec
• Sec
• Sec
61.103
61.105
61.107
61.109
-
Eligibility
Aeronautical Knowledge
Flight Proficiency
Aeronautical Experience
FAR Part 61…
• Pilots may take their original private pilot or
other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane,
in which case they will be subject to additional
experience requirements.
• A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner will
not include single engine piloting privileges
(ability to deal with a total power loss is not
demonstrated during multi engine certification).
FAR Part 61…
• To add a multi engine rating to a private,
commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the
FAA requires an instructor endorsement
and a practical test. A Knowledge test
(written) is not required. The practical test
includes a detailed oral test.
FAR Part 61…
• To add a single engine rating to a private,
commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the
FAA requires an instructor endorsement
and a practical test. A Knowledge test
(written) is not required. The practical test
includes a detailed oral test.
FAR Part 61.109 (a)
• (a) For an airplane single-engine rating. Except
•
as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a
person who applies for a private pilot certificate
with an airplane category and single-engine
class rating must log at least
40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20
hours of flight training from an authorized
instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107 (b)
FAR Part 61.109 (b)
• (b) For an airplane multi-engine rating. Except
•
as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a
person who applies for a private pilot certificate
with an airplane category and multi engine
class rating must log at least
40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20
hours of flight training from an authorized
instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in
the areas of operation listed in §61.107 (b) (2)
Beech Baron Take Off Distance
Beech Baron
Accelerate To Stop Distance
Accelerate To Stop Distance
• First Response
– 3273 and a half feet Sir
Accelerate To Stop Distance
• Best Response
– 3273 and a half feet Sir
– But that’s with a new airplane and a test pilot
– And, if I start stopping exactly when the
engine fails.
– Besides, it pretty hot today, and my brakes,
tires, and brain are old.
– We better look at the chart and add a little
distance to the 3273 and a half feet!
Accelerate To Stop Distance
Accelerate-Stop Distance is the runway
required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof
(as specified by the manufacturer) and,
assuming an engine failure at that instant,
to bring the airplane to a complete stop.
Accelerate To Go Distance
Accelerate-Go Distance is the runway
required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof
(as specified by the manufacturer) and,
assuming an engine failure at that instant,
to continue the takeoff on the remaining
engine and climb to a height of 50 feet.
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance
• First Response
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance
• First Response
– 1125 Feet Sir
Cessna 172 Take Off Distance
• Best Response
– 1125 Feet Sir
– However, that’s at Standard temperature with
a new airplane and a test pilot
– Let’s look at the AFM and see what it is today
for my airplane
– A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and a
temperature of 97 degrees
Cessna 172
Accelerate To Stop Distance
Multi Engine Climb Performance
• The loss of an engine in a multi engine
airplane can result in more than 50% of
its climb capability.
Multi Engine Climb Performance
• The loss of an engine in a multi engine
airplane can result in loss of more than
50% of its climb capability.
• Matter of fact, the loss can be 80% or
greater!
Multi Engine Climb Performance
• When one engine on a twin fails, you
typically lose 80% to 90% of your excess
thrust.
• Which means that if you were climbing at
1200 fpm with both engines, if you
configure and fly the aircraft perfectly
after an engine failure, you will likely see
around 200 fpm, which is pretty bad. !
Multi Engine Climb Performance
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aircraft
Seminole
Navajo
Aztec
Cessna 310
Beech Baron
Cessna 421
• Cheyenne ll
• King Air 200
• Citation CJ1
ME roc
1,340
1,390
1,490
1,495
1,694
1,850
SE roc
212
230
240
327
382
305
Loss
82.78
83.45
83.89
78.13
80.70
83.51
1,750
2,460
3,290
470
740
906
73.15
70.00
72.50
Cessna 421
• Aircraft
• Cessna 421
•
•
•
•
Empty Weight
75 Gallons
Pilot
TO Weight
• GTOW
• Under
ME roc
1,850
SE roc
305
Loss
83.51
4700
450 75 gal (Max 262 gal)
200
5350
6480
1130 **
Cessna 421
• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.
• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the accident
airplane,
Cessna 421
• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.
• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the accident
airplane,
• Witnesses reported pilot ran the engines to full
•
power for about 20 minutes prior to departure.
The pilot appeared to be troubleshooting an
engine issue.
Cessna 421
• Witnesses near the accident site observed
the airplane in a shallow climb from
runway 8, flying low, with the right engine
on fire. Some of the witnesses reported
that the flames were yellow in color and
no smoke was observed. The airplane
then banked right and descended into a
residential area.
Torque
Torque
P - Factor
P - Factor
P – Factor Overhead View
Critical Engine
Critical Engine
Critical Engine
No Critical Engine
VMC –
Minimum Controllable Airspeed
• Calibrated Airspeed at which it is possible
to control the aircraft when the critical
engine becomes inoperative.
VMC –
Minimum Controllable Airspeed
• Max Gross Weight
• Most AFT CG
• Max Power on operating engine
• Less than 5 degrees of bank
• Flaps In take off position
• Gear up
VMC Considerations
• Performance
–
–
–
–
Gear Up
Flaps Up
Aft CG
Altitude
• Stability
–
–
–
–
Gear Down
Flaps Down
Fwd CG
Altitude
V Speeds
•
•
•
•
Vso
Vs1
Vmc
Vne
Stall Speed (clean)
Stall (Spec. Config)
Min Control Speed
Max Speed
(Green Arc)
(White Arc)
(Red Line)
(Red Line)
• Vx-Vxse
• Vy-Vyse
Best Angle (Multi)
Best Rate (Multi)
(Blue Line)
• Vref
Approach Speed
(1.3 Vso)
V Speeds
• V1
• VR
• V2
Decision Speed
Rotation Speed
(Vyse)
• Vfe
• Vlo
• Vref
Flap Operating Speed
Gear Operating Speed
Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)
(Red Line)
(>V1 <Vx)
(Blue Line)
V Speeds (Call Outs)
SEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Airspeed Alive
V1
VR
Positive Rate
Gear Up
V2
Flaps Up
1000 Ft
Both
>Vs or Vs1
>Vs <Vx
Both
Vlo
Vy
Vfe
Check List
MEL
Both
Red Line
>Red Line <V2
Both
Vlo
Vyse
Vfe
Check List
Engine Failure After Take Off
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Airspeed
Mixtures
Props
Throttles
Flaps
Gear
Identify
Verify
Feather
Maintain Vyse
Rich
High RPM
Full Power
Retracted
Retracted
Which engine failed?
Close inop. engine throttle
Feather Inop engine prop
Engine Failure After Take Off
• Which Engine Failed?
• Which Engine has not Failed?
Engine Failure After Take Off
• Manifold Pressure
• RPM
• Oil Pressure
• Fuel Flow
• Warning Light
Engine Failure After Take Off
• Working Foot – Working Engine
• Dead Foot – Dead Engine
• Ball Moves towards Good Engine
• Ball Moves away from the Dead Engine
• Step on the Ball
Engine Failure After Take Off
• Failed Engine
• Ball is a good indicator
Engine Failure After Take Off
• Failing Engine
• Ball is not a good indicator
• Ball will be moving left and right
Engine Failure After Take Off
• IDENTIFY !!!
• VERIFY !!!
• FEATHER !!!
Engine Failure After Take Off
DACH-6
•
•
•
•
Airspeed
Throttles
Flaps
1500 ft.
80 Knots
MAX Power
10 degrees
Check List
Engine Failure After Take Off
Citation
•
•
•
•
Maintain Directional Control
No action until 400 ft
Memory Items only
1500 ft
Checklist
Engine Failure After Take Off
Single
• Speed
• Action
Best Glide Speed
Land
Cruise Flight
Cruise Flight
• Know Your Airplane
• Be familiar with
Single Engine Service Ceiling
Single Engine Absolute Ceiling
Cruise Flight
• The single engine service ceiling is the
altitude at which twins can no longer climb
at 50 feet per minute in smooth air, with
one engine feathered, at maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
• The single engine absolute ceiling is where
the rate of climb is zero.
Cruise Flight
• VMC at altitude
– Lower VMC at higher altitude
– Lower VMC with lower power
Cruise Flight
Fuel Considerations
• Fuel Needed
• Fuel Available
• Fuel Available under certain failures
Cruise Flight
• Piper Seminole
• Service Ceiling
• Service Ceiling SE
15000 ft
3800 ft
• Stall Speed
• VMC
• Yyse
55 KIAS
56 KIAS
88 KIAS
Approach and Landing
Approach and Landing
Approach and Landing
• Notify ATC or CTAF
• Plan for Instrument Approach
• Straight In Final Approach
• Go Around Early and High
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Bottom Line SEL / MEL
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Bottom Line SEL / MEL
•Know your airplane
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Bottom Line SEL / MEL
•Know your airplane
•Know your airplane’s limitations
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Bottom Line SEL / MEL
•Know your airplane
•Know your airplane’s limitations
•Know your limitations
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
Bottom Line SEL / MEL
•Know your airplane
•Know your airplane’s limitations
•Know your limitations
•Practice - Practice - Practice
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
• Proficiency
– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly multi
engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal
operations they would be at least twice safer
flying a single engine airplane.
– This is due to the higher probability of any of the
engines failing in a multi and the consequences of
not being prepared to handle those cases.
Multi vs. Single Engine Flight
• Proficiency
– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly single
engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal
operations they would be at least twice safer
flying a multi engine airplane.
– This is due to the higher probability of an engine
failing in a single and the consequences of not
being prepared to handle those cases.
Thank You
•Thank you for coming this evening
•Thank you for your participation
FLY SAFELY !!!
Next Meeting
2nd Tuesday of The Month
•Tuesday September 8th 2009
Round Table Forum
Root Causes of Accidents:
Psychological factors of flying