Industrial Revolution
Three Views of the Industrial Revolution
• Technological Change
• Social Change
• Prime Actors/Industrialists
The Industrial Age Cometh!!!
2 minutes of Gloom and Doom
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcr-KLBOhv8
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Good 21/2 minute overviews
http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos/the-industrial-revolition?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
Great for a quick reminders and overviews
Industrial Revolution -Definition
Prime foci were:
– technology and organization
transforming the way in which goods
production was accomplished and
organized --Unprecedented expansion of
output and productivity
Resulted in and from new organizational,
social, economic, and political inventions
and developments – not just industrial ones
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Impacts of Industrial Revolution
 QOL -- Substantial increase in Quality of Life
including standard of living
 Demographic Transition (especially in the
Western World)
 GLOBALIZATION -- Set the stage for
modern phase of Globalization and all of its
impacts
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Two Approaches
Technological (Machines) Approach
emphasizes the mechanics of the production
Social (Organizational) Approach
emphasized changing societal structures,
institutions, and relationships
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Current Distribution of Major Industrial Regions Worldwide
Note how few and concentrated these are and
no major concentration in Africa as yet
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Consequences in Pollution
Estimated PM10 Concentrations in World Cities Having
More than 100,000 People http://www.gore.com/en_xx/products/filtration/cooling/cooling_pollution_map.html
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Part 1: The Technical (Machine)
Hypothesis
Source:
Dr Raymond L Sanders Jr
Geography
University of Texas at Austin
Web source
www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/sanders/GRG305/PowerPoint/Industrial%20Geography%20-%20Part%20I.ppt
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Sander’s Learning Objective
1. Tracing the development of the Industrial
Revolution to Technological Innovations
2. Discussing its spread across the landscape
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Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
Agricultural Revolution -- Domestication
of plants and animals occurred in our dim
prehistory (8,000bc approx.)
– Ultimately resulted in a huge increase in human
population
– Greatly accelerated modification of the physical
environment
– Resulted in major cultural readjustments
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Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the
eighteenth century, is still taking place
today
– Involves a series of inventions leading to the use of
machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing
process
– Suddenly whole societies could engage in seemingly
limitless multiplication of goods and services
– Rapid bursts of human inventiveness followed
– Gigantic population increases
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Two great economic “revolutions”
occurred in human development
The Industrial Revolution, started in the
eighteenth century, is still taking place today
– Massive, often unsettling, remodeling of the
environment (human and physical)
– Today, few lands remain largely untouched by its
machines, factories, transportation devices, and
communication techniques
– On an individual level, no facet of North American life
remains unaffected
– Just about every object and every event in your life is
affected, if not actually created, by the Industrial
Revolution
What’s this???
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Introduction
Life before the Industrial Revolution
– People were concerned with the most basic of
primary economic activities
– Acquired the necessities of survival from the
land
– Society and culture was overwhelmingly rural
and agricultural
– Before 1700 virtually all manufacturing was
carried on in two systems, cottage and guild
industries, both depended on hand labor and
human power
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Introduction
Cottage industry
– Most common, was practiced in farm homes
and rural villages
– Usually a sideline to agriculture
– Objects for family use were made in each
household
– Most villages had a cobbler, miller, weaver, and
smith who worked part-time at home
– Skills passed from parents to children with little
formality
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Introduction
Guild industry
– Consisted of professional organizations of
highly skilled, specialized artisans engaged full
time in their trades and based in towns and cities
– Membership came after a long apprenticeship
– Was a fraternal organization of artisans skilled
in a particular craft
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Arose among back-country English cottage
craftspeople in the early 1700s
First: human hands were replaced by
machines in fashioning finished products
– Rendered old manufacturing definition (“made
by hand”) obsolete – new definition emerges
– Manufacturing transformation of raw materials
into finished goods for sale, or intermediate
processes involving the production or finishing
of semi-manufactures.
.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing
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Replacing Human Hands
Wintergatan - Marble Machine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvUU8joBb1Q
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Origins of the
Industrial
Revolution
First: human hands were replaced by
machines in fashioning finished products
– Weavers no longer sat at a hand loom, instead
large mechanical looms were invented to do the
job faster and more economically
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The Water Frame (Richard Arckwright)
Second:
Human
power
gave way
to various
forms of
inanimate
power
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Second: Human
power gave way
…
http://www.sheepoverboard.com/ovine/shearing-2.html
• Machines were driven by water power,
burning of fossil fuels, and later
hydroelectricity and the energy of the atom
• Men and women became tenders of
machines instead of producers of fine hand
made goods
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Within 150 years, the Industrial Revolution
greatly altered the first three sectors of
industrial activity
• Textiles
• Metallurgy
• Mining
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Textiles
– Initial breakthrough occurred in the
British cotton textile cottage industry,
centered in the Lancashire district of
western England
– First changes were modest and on a
small scale
• Mechanical looms, powered by flowing
water were invented
• Industries remained largely rural
• Diffused hierarchically to sites of rushing
streams
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Water Power to Finished Cloth
http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/winooskimills/millshistory/architecture and engineering/looms.htm
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Textiles
– Later in the eighteenth century invention of the steam
engine provided a better source of power
– In the United states, textile plants were also the first
factories
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Metallurgy
– Traditionally, metal industries had been
small-scale, rural enterprises
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Metallurgy
– Situated near ore sources
– Forests provided charcoal for smelting process
– Chemical changes that occurred in steel making
remained mysterious even to craftspeople who
used them
– Techniques had changed little since the
beginning of the Iron Age, 2500 years before
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Metallurgy
– In the 1700s, inventions by iron makers in the
Coalbrookdale of English Midlands, created a
new scientific, large-scale industry
• Coke, nearly pure carbon, which is derived from
nearly pure coal, replaced charcoal in the smelting
process
• Large blast furnaces replaced the forge
• Efficient rolling mills took the place of hammer and
anvil
• Mass production of steel resulted
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Mining
– First to feel effects of new technology was coal
mining
• Adoption of steam engine necessitated huge amounts
of coal to fire boilers
• Conversion to coke further increased demand for coal
• Fortunately, Britain had large coal deposits
• New mining techniques and tools were invented
• Coal mining became a large-scale mechanized
industry
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Mining
– Because coal is heavy and bulky, manufacturing
industries began flocking to the coal fields, to
be near supplies
– Similar modernization occurred in mining of
iron ore, copper, and other metals needed by
growing industries
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Coalfields in UK
Became centers
for 19th Century
Industrialization
Consider the
relationship of
coalfields in the
US and our
Industrial Belt
(now the Rust
Belt)
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Railroads & Transportation
– Wooden sailing ships gave way to steel vessels
driven by steam engines
– Canals were built
– British-invented railroad came on the scene
– Need to move raw materials and finished
products from place to place, cheaply and
quickly, was main stimulus leading to
transportation breakthroughs
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Origins of the Industrial
Revolution
Railroads
– Impact of the Industrial Revolution would have
been minimized if distribution of goods and
services had not been improved
– British revolutionized shipbuilding industry and
dominated it from their Scottish shipyards even
into the twentieth century
– New modes of transport fostered additional
cultural diffusion
– New industrial-age popular culture could easily
penetrate previously untouched areas
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Diffusion from Britain
For a century, Britain held a virtual
monopoly on its industrial innovations
– Government actively tried to prevent diffusion
– Gave Britain enormous economic advantage
– Contributed greatly to growth and strength of
British Empire
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Diffusion from Britain
The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles
– Continental Europe first received its impact in
last half of the nineteenth century
• Took firm root hierarchically in coal fields of
Germany, Belgium, and other nations of
northwestern and Central Europe
• Diffusion of railroads provides a good index
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Introduction of Railroads in Europe Over
the 19th Century
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Diffusion from Britain
The technology finally diffused beyond the
British Isles
– United States began rapid adoption of new
technology about 1850
– About 1900, Japan was the first major nonWestern country to undergo full
industrialization
– In the first third of the 1900s, diffusion spilled
into Russia and Ukraine
– Recently, countries such as Taiwan, South
Korea, China, India, and Singapore joined the
manufacturing age
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Diffusion of Industrial Revolution in 19th and 20th Centuries
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End of technological
diffusion hypothesis
– Machines replace hands
– Inanimate energy dominates
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Part 2: The Social Organizational
Hypothesis
Source:
Mike Reibel - Associate
Professor
Department of Geography and
Anthropology
California State Polytechnic
University,
Pomona, CA 91768
Web Source
www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/Class_Pages/GEO312/GEO32
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0AY09DJkQMY&feature=related
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Reibel’s Learning Objectives
1. Understand how changing social
organization lead to the Industrial
Revolution – 3 parts –
•
•
•
organization,
de-skilling,
and scale
2. Outline several stages of development in
the Industrial Revolution based on
Kondratiev’s Cycles
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Industrial Revolution
First and foremost, a revolution in the
organization and control of labor
Second Capitalist entrepreneurs and
managers break down production into bitesized tasks, hire less skilled workers
Third only possible at larger scales due to
need to break down tasks, efficiency gains
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http://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/C
ARTOONS/2005/2005-539P-carassembly-line.gif
Remember!
Industrial division of labor, NOT technical
innovation, defines industrialization
Strategic investment, not machines, makes
industrial production possible
All productivity gains in early industrial age
were from labor re-organization
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Ford Assembly Line: Grinding
Monotony
Henry had to pay
well or no one
would stay
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Capitalist Competition and
Technical Innovation
Capitalist industry and faster technical
innovation happened separately in 1700s
Slowly, technical innovation became a
strategy for industrial competition
Material progress from this combination “spirit of innovation”, confidence in
humans’ ability to control nature
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Product Innovation vs. Process
Innovation
Product Innovation: Development of new
products or new capabilities and features for
existing products
Process Innovation: New production
processes that reduce unit cost:
– new machines or equipment
– innovations in operations management
(organization of labor & production tasks)
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Nike Innovation – at
headquarters
Portland
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Evolution of Industrial Regions
Continual expansion of long-distance trade
due to transport cost declines, leads to:
Greater specialization of production for
export from region, less local selfsufficiency
5. Opium and the expansion of trade
By 1690, the Company had trading centres
(known as 'factories') all along the West
and East coasts of India. The main centres
were at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay.
The Company started to protect its trade
with its own armies and navies - very
different from most companies today
http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/trading/story/trade/4tradingplaces.html
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Nike Shoe Assembly
Dongguan, China
Task split by activity
And Place
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Evolution of Industrial Regions
Expansion of specialized business services to
match local production specialties: transport,
wholesale, finance, legal, advertising, etc.
The Managing Committee House of the Insurance Company "Russia" in
St.Petersburg http://all-photo.ru/empire/index.en.html?img=14983&big=on
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Technology and Corporate Strategy
Product chains grow longer, leads to:
– Competitive advantage thru vertical integration
Horizontal integration also a growth strategy
– Expanding markets and successful growth strategies of
firms consolidates market share,
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Technology and Corporate Strategy
Expanding markets
and successful
growth strategies of
firms consolidates
market share,
Eventually leads to
monopolies
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Modern Version of Reibel’s
approach – Nike Shoes
First organization of design, inputs, workforce,
and sales stretches around the world
Second tasks and inputs specialized by region of
the world (ex. Leather for Nikes from Brazil shoe
assembly in China)
Third massive scale (Ex. “65% of the world’s
high-end shoes or popular shoes” made in
Dongguan, China
http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/07/22/nikes-new-leather-policy-no-sourcing-amazon-rainforest
http://www.chinaperformancegroup.com/2012/12/main-areas-of-shoe-production-in-china/
)
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Nike Supply
Chain
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Fordist Industrial Age
Includes most of Kondratiev’s Third and
Fourth Wave
1910s to mid 1970s
Assembly line mass production, scientific mgmt.
Internal combustion replaces steam -> change in
transport & econ. geography
New technologies - electronics, petrochemicals,
and pharmaceuticals
Rise of corporate R&D capabilities
Close, two-way relationship between industrial
corporations and the state
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Reibel’s Summary: Social
organization lead to the
Industrial Revolution
1. Greater and greater subdivision of labor
2. More and more low skilled (payed) workers
3. Geography now plays a role in Globalization
of manufacturing
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Reibel’s Summary
1. Industrial Revolution progressed through a
series of stages similar to Kondratiev’s
technological cycles
1. Booms and Busts part of the story
2. Geography expands with each boom
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
The Industrial Revolution is an ongoing
process of innovation and change
It incorporates both technological and social
parts to these processes and has globalized
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