Biology Module 2 Study Guide
2.01 Objectives for Molecules of Life
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
 describe how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.
Name the 4 macromolecules. What do they all have in common?
Define monomer
Define polymer
Carbohydrates
Name some common monosaccharides & where found
Name some common disaccharides & where found
Name some common polysaccharides & where found
Lipids
Fats
Phospholipids
Define Hydrophilic
Define Hydrophobic
Steroids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Define Amino Acids
Define Enzymes
“Notice that although the amino acids bond together in a chainlike series to form the protein, that
chain twists and turns into a shape that is unique to that protein and its function.” FLVS Module. Hey
Gamers, check out “Fold it” online!
Describe the functions of the following proteins:
Antibodies
Contractile proteins
Hormonal proteins
Transport proteins
Structural proteins
Enzymes
Define Enzyme inhibitor
Nucleic acids
Define Nucleic acids- A, T, G, C, U found in DNA and RNA.
2.02 Objectives for Early Cells
After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
 describe the developments that led to the cell theory
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differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
describe the structure of the cell membrane
distinguish between active and passive transport
What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
1.
2.
3.
What were the contributions to the cell theory made by the scientists below?
Leeuwenhoek (1600s)
Hooke (1655)
Brown (1833)
Schleiden (1838)
Schwann (1839)
Von Roeliker (1840)
Virchow (1855)
Pasteur (1862)
“Eukes have Nukes” (Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells do not).
See “Cell Parts Chart”, a separate document on the website. This will compare which type of cells
have what parts.
Define Homeostasis
Define or describe each method of movement across the cell membrane:
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Passive transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
2.03 Cell Structure and Function Objectives
 describe the internal structures of eukaryotic cells
 summarize the functions of the organelles found in plant and animal cells
Describe the function of the following organelles:
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
2.04 Cell Energy Objectives
 recognize the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule
 identify energy sources used by organisms
Define ADP & ATP
What are sources of Energy?
How is energy stored long term?
2.05 Cellular Respiration Objectives
 describe the process of cellular respiration
 compare aerobic respiration to anaerobic respiration
What are the molecules below?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Overview of Cellular Respiration
“The first two stages of cellular respiration, glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, are responsible for
breaking down organic molecules, like glucose. These stages produce ATP molecules and donate
high-energy electrons that are important for the third stage of the process, the electron transport
chain. In the electron transport chain, the high-energy electrons of the first two stages assist in the
production of more ATP. It is during this third stage that the bulk of ATP molecules are formed for the
cell.” from FLVS Module
Draw the diagram from the module.
Name the 2 electron carrier molecules.
“The overall process of cellular respiration can be summarized in one equation, but the process itself
has three main stages:
 glycolysis is anaerobic (does not require oxygen) and occurs in the cytoplasm
 the Krebs cycle is aerobic (require oxygen) and occur inside the cell's mitochondria
 the electron transport chain is aerobic (require oxygen) and occur inside the cell's
mitochondria” from FLVS Module.
Glycolysis
“Important things to remember about glycolysis:
 It is part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
 It splits glucose, a 6-carbon compound, into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules.
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It uses two ATP molecules but ends up forming four ATP molecules. This gives a net gain of
two ATP molecules.
It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
It does not require oxygen.” From FLVS Module.
Krebs Cycle
This equation summarizes what happens when the two acetyl-CoA molecules go through the Krebs
cycle:
2 acetyl-CoA + 2 oxaloacetate → 4 CO2 + 2 oxaloacetate + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP
“Important things to remember about the Krebs cycle:
 Pyruvate is broken down into a two-carbon compound before entering the Krebs cycle,
releasing one CO2 molecule.
 It forms two more CO2 molecules for each turn of the Krebs cycle.
 It produces two ATP molecules for each turn of the Krebs cycle.
 It sends energy-rich NADH and FADH2 molecules to the electron transport chain, but it does
not send any carbon compounds on to the next stage.
 It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
 It does not directly use oxygen, but it can only occur when oxygen is present. This means it is
considered an aerobic process.” FLVS Module
Electron Transport Chain
“Important things to remember about the electron transport chain:
 It produces significantly more ATP than any other stage of cellular respiration.
 It uses the high-energy electrons stored in NADH and FADH2.
 It occurs at the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
 It requires oxygen, and that oxygen is used to make water molecules.
 It reforms NAD+ and FAD, which are sent back to participate in earlier stages of respiration.”
FLVS Module
Summary of Respiration
“There are a lot of enzymes and molecules involved in the three stages of cellular respiration, but the
overall reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP and Heat)
The carbon atoms of the glucose molecule are broken apart in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle,
releasing carbon dioxide gas. A few ATP molecules are formed during these two stages, but the
majority of the energy is stored in NADH and FADH2 molecules. The stored energy carried by these
electron-carrier molecules is used by the electron transport chain, where the majority of the ATP
molecules are produced.
In total, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain provide the cell with more than
30 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed in cellular respiration. Although more
ATP molecules are produced by this process, some must be used to transport pyruvate and other
molecules across the mitochondrial membranes.” FLVS Module
Photosynthesis
“Photosynthesis converts water (H2O) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into oxygen gas and
carbohydrates, such as glucose (C6H12O6), using light as the energy source. The following equation
summarizes the reaction:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 “ FLVS Module
Define Chloroplast
Summary of light-dependent reactions
1.
2.
3.
Describe light-independent reactions
1.
2.
3.