Attitude – An evaluation a person makes about an object, person, group, event or issue.
Cognitive dissonance – When the way in which we actually behave is different from the way we
believe we should have.
Stereotypes – A collection of beliefs that we have about the people that belong to a certain group,
regardless of individual differences among members of that group.
Tri-component model of attitudes – Proposes that any attitude has three related components – The
affective, behavioural and cognitive components.
Affective – Emotional reactions or feelings.
Behavioural – The way an attitude is expressed through our actions.
Cognitive – The beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.
Super-ordinate goals – Super-ordinate goals, in psychology, are goals that are achieved by the
contribution and co-operation of two or more people, with individual goals that are normally in
opposition to each other, working together.
Limitations of tri-component model – There are some inconsistencies, usually between the person’s
attitude and their actual behaviour.
Prejudice – Holding a negative attitude towards the members of a group, based solely on their
membership.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PREJUDICE?
ZIMBADO’S PRISON EXPERIMENT.
Factors affecting obedience - Despite the dilapidated state of the building, the researchers found
that the presence of a Yale professor as stipulated in the advertisement affected the number of
people who obeyed. In the actual experiment, prestige or the appearance of power was a direct
factor in obedience -- particularly the presence of men dressed in gray laboratory coats, which gave
the impression of scholarship and achievement and was thought to be the main reason why people
complied with administering what they thought was a painful shock.
Social loafing - In the social psychology of groups, social loafing is the phenomenon of people making
less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone. This is seen as
one of the main reasons groups are sometimes less productive than the combined performance of
their members working as individuals.
Sustained contact.
Different types of power –
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Reward Power
Coercive Power
Legitimate Power
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Referant Power
Expert Power
Informational Power
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The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social
psychology experiments conducted by University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which
measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed
them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience.
Unanimity is complete agreement by all people in a given situation. When unanimous, everybody is
of same mind and acting together as one. Many groups consider unanimous decisions a sign of
agreement, solidarity, and unity. Unanimity may be assumed explicitly after a unanimous vote or
implicitly by a lack of objections.
The bystander effect or bystander intervention is a psychological phenomenon in which someone is
less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when others are present than when they are alone.
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect. First, the presence of other
people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Because there are other observers, individuals do not
feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared
among all of those present.
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways. When other
observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not
appropriate. Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to intervene if the situation
is ambiguous.
Antisocial behaviour can be broken down into two components: the presence of antisocial behaviour
and the absence of pro-social behaviour. Most children exhibit some antisocial behaviour during
their development, and different children demonstrate varying levels of pro-social and antisocial
behaviour.
In psychology, aggression refers to behaviour between members of the same species that is
intended to cause pain or harm.
Conformity is the process by which an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours are conditioned
by what is conceived to be what other people might perceive. This influence occurs in both small
groups and society as a whole, and it may be the result of subtle unconscious influences, or direct
and over social pressure.
Social status is the "standing", the honour or prestige attached to one's position in society.
Reward Power – Ability to give positive consequences or remove negative consequences in response
to specific behaviour.
Coercive Power – Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences is
response to specific behaviour.
Asch’s experiments to measure whether or not people would conform.
Social norms are the behavioural expectations and cues within a society or group.
LIKERT SCALES.