Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, & Immune Systems
Review
Organs of the Cardiovascular System:
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Blood vessels
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Heart – cone-shaped muscular pump located in the mediastinum.
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Pericardium (pericardial sac) – covering that encloses the heart.
o fibrous pericardium – outermost covering.
o serous membrane (double membrane)
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visceral pericardium – inner, close-fitting
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parietal pericardium – outer, loose-fitting
Types of Circulation:
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Systemic circulation
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Pulmonary circulation
Major Parts of the Heart:
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Chambers
o right atrium
o right ventricle
o left atrium
o left ventricle
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Valves
o tricuspid (right A-V) valve
o bicuspid or mitral (left A-V) valve
o pulmonary valve
o aortic valve
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Chordae tendineae
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Papillary muscles
Walls of the Heart:
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Endocardium
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Myocardium
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Epicardium
Major Types of Blood Vessels:
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Veins – contains valves; serves as a blood reservoir (holds the greatest
volume of blood); contains less smooth muscle than arteries.
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Venules – small veins; connection between capillaries and veins.
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Capillaries – smallest blood vessels; blood flow through capillaries is
controlled by precapillary sphincters. Functions in exchanging gases &
nutrients between the blood and tissue cells.
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Arterioles – small arteries; connection between arteries and capillaries.
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Arteries – thickest blood vessels; has a thick smooth muscle layer. Aorta
is the largest artery.
Blood Pressure:

Arterial systolic pressure (highest pressure) – occurs during ventricular
(systole) contraction. Tricuspid & bicuspid valves close; pulmonic & aortic
valves open.
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Arterial diastolic pressure (lowest pressure) – occurs during ventricular
(diastole) relaxation. Tricuspid & bicuspid valves open; pulmonic & aortic
valves close.
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Pulse pressure – calculated by subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic
pressure.
Cardiovascular Disorders:
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mitral valve prolapse
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atherosclerosis
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myocardial infarction
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heart murmurs
Lymphatic System Functions:
Lymphatic Pathways:
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lymphatic capillaries
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lymphatic vessels
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lymph node
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lymphatic trunk
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lymphatic duct
Lymphatic Tissue:

lymph node
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thymus gland
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spleen
Innate Defenses:

species resistance
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mechanical barriers
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fever
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chemical barriers
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natural killer cells
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inflammation
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phagocytosis
Adaptive Defenses (Immunity):
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T cell functions
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B cell functions
Immune Responses:
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Primary
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Secondary
Classification of Immunity:
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Naturally acquired active immunity
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Artificially acquired passive immunity