Chapter 5: “The Transformation
of Eastern Europe, 1648-1740
AP European History
Androstic
2012-2013
Chapter 5, Section 23 – “Three Aging Empires”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Leibniz:
Bach
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
Ottoman Empire
Janissaries
Sultan
free veto
Imperial Diet
“Germanic Liberties”
Wittelsbachs of Bavaria
Hohenzollerns of Prussia
Guelphs of Hannover
Why were the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman
Empire, and the Republic of Poland weak in the early
modern period? What characteristics did they all
share?
a. Mid-seventeenth century:
b. Three great states emerged:
Why was the Holy Roman Empire so weak?
a. Reformation and Thirty Years’ War:
b. Hundreds of sovereign states:
c. Attempts for rulers to increase power:
d. Austria and Prussia:
Why was Poland particularly weak?
a. Diversity and large area:
b. Poland’s aristocracy:
c. Weakness of central diet:
d. No government monopoly of power and force:
e. The peasants:
f. East Prussia:
How was the Ottoman Empire more successful
in the early modern period?
a. Compared to Poland and HRE:
b. Treatment of subject peoples:
c. Separation of church and state?
d. Relationship with France:
e. Christian view of Turkish rule:
Chapter 5, Section 24 – “The
Formation of an Austrian
Monarchy”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Charles VI:
Maria Theresa:
Prince Eugene of Savoy
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
Siege of Vienna:
Pragmatic Sanction:
How did a strong Austrian Habsburg monarchy rise
out of the Holy Roman Empire?
a. Surviving collapse of HRE:
b. The Austrian KIngdom:
c. Prince Eugene of Savoy:
What were some defining characteristics of the
Austrian Empire?
a. International representation:
b. Two unifying elements:
What are the disadvantages and
advantages of personal or
dynastic monarchy (where the
kingdom is defined by what the
king conquers, inherits, or
acquires by marriage)?
Chapter 5, Section 25 – “The
Formation of Prussia”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Frederick William the Great Elector:
Gustavus Adolphus:
Charles XII:
Frederick I:
Frederick II
Be sure to know the significance of the following
terms:
Drang nach Osten:
Elector of Brandenburg:
Junkers:
How did Prussia use its small size to its advantage in
the seventeenth century?
a. Size of armies:
b. Sweden’s empire:
c. Prussia dominant in Northern Europe:
d. Friedrich Wilhelm:
e. Frederick:
How did militarism infuse the Prussian state?
a. Investment in military:
b. Use of ruler’s incomes:
c. Junkers:
d. King Frederick William I:
e. Frederick the Great:
f. “Remarkable creation”:
What are military virtues and
values? Are they good ones for a
society to have? What are the
negative aspects of these
virtues?
In wartime, what are the
advantages and disadvantages of
being a small state? What can a
small state do to protect itself
from larger states?
Chapter 5, Section 26 – “The
‘Westernizing’ of Russia”
Be sure to know the significance of the following
people:
Peter the Great:
Stephen Razin:
Michael Romanov:
Be sure to know the significance of the following
terms:
Muscovy:
Volga River:
Urals:
Caspian Sea:
Siberia:
Streltsi:
Narva:
Poltava:
Procurator:
Synod:
How was Russia different from Europe?
a.
b. Similarities/differences to Prussia:
What were the conditions in Russia before Peter the
Great?
a. Slavic nation:
b. Politically:
c. Serfdom and manorialism:
d. Independent Russian patriarchy:
What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia?
a. Became Tsar in 1682:
b. Secularization of church:
c. Military goals:
d. Use of new army:
e. Built new city as capital:
What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia?
f. Economically:
g. New administrative structure:
h. Abolished hereditary succession:
i. Requirements of nobles:
j. Impact:
How can a ruler modernize a
backward nation quickly? What
are the most important steps to
take?
Is Russia an Asian country, or is it
European? What distinguishes
those two adjectives?
Chapter 7: The Struggle for
Wealth and Empire
Chapter 7, Section 31 – “Elite
and Popular Cultures”
Be sure to know the significance of the following
terms:
Patois:
Volkssprache:
Carnival
How did the gap between elites and the ordinary
people widen in the eighteenth century?
a. Widening gap:
b: Language:
c: Book-based:
d: Renaissance humanism:
e: Wealth as a divider:
f: Beverages:
How did the gap between elites and the ordinary
people widen in the eighteenth century?
g: Religion:
h: Vulnerabilities:
i: Etiquette:
j: Popular literature:
k: Witchcraft:
l: Fairs and carnivals:
Chapter 7, Section 32 – “The
Global Economy of the
Eighteenth Century”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
“Diamond” Pitt:
Laborde:
Be sure to know the significance of the following
terms:
plantation system:
domestic system:
“cottage industries”:
How did the global economy expand in the eighteenth
century?
a. Domestic trade: more important than global trade (provided larger volume of products);
foreign trade also became vital (though it also led to war)
b: Urbanization and industrial development: the two didn’t coincide; most people still lived in
countryside; manufacturing of goods took place in peasant households (“cottage industry” or
domestic system)
c: England: similar economic level as France or Russia, although with far fewer people; relied
heavily on colonies and slave labor for much of its economic growth
d: Dutch: strong in international commerce, weak in politics; banking a huge industry for Dutch
as they lent money to entrepreneurs from the wealth they developed over several centuries
e: Atlantic trade: spurred investment; more important than Asian trade; increased demand for
slaves; nations with largest colonies (sugar) generated the most wealth
f: Slaves: number of slaves grew throughout 18th century; England/New England merchants
managed slave trade; plantation economy successful because of slaves
g: Asian interest: limited; imbalance of trade; colonization of Ghana (“Gold Coast”) to gain gold
to trade to Asia; Europeans put trade limits on Asian imports to encourage domestic production
Why did Europe become the wealthiest region of the
world in the eighteenth century?
a. Commercial capitalism: the source of Europe’s great wealth
b: Black labor: crucial to British economic system; led to high rise in
volume and profitability of trade
c: Markets in Russia and Eastern Europe: Russia bought slave-produced
goods and traded timber and grain to West Europe; with higher demand
for luxury goods from the west, property owners sought to increase
production, leading to deteriorating conditions for serfs (the farther east
you look, the more likely to find serfdom used to develop products)
d: Worldwide resources and labor: contribute to Europe’s wealth;
Europeans provide capital and demand for goods, and see most of the
profits
What were the social consequences of this increase in
wealth?
a: Privately held wealth: in the west, European wealth was gained privately rather than
through gov’t ownership of enterprises; governments depended on taxes and/or loans
from private citizens
b: Standard of living: rose for upper and middle class (middle class moved closer to the
aristocracy in 18th century); larger gap between rich and poor
c: Wealthy merchants: married off daughters to noble landowners for dowries;
merchants could gain prestige or inherit estates; in France, merchants gained title or
government office
d: Social stability: 18th century was an era with stability as social classes solidify
e: Chances for wealth in colonies: examples such as “Diamond” Pitt or Jean-Joseph
Laborde of economic activities in colonies offering chance for wealth, power, influence
and following
Explain the domestic system.
What were the advantages to the
merchant capitalist of this
system as opposed to the guilds?
What were the advantages to the
workers? Disadvantages?
Chapter 7, Section 33 –
“Western Europe After the
Peace of Utrecht”
How well did the European states recuperate from the War of Spanish
Succession?
a: Absolutism in Spain: developed under Bourbon rule; improved administrative structure
following the War of S.S.
b: Dutch: lost prestige and influence in political affairs in Europe; maintained wealth and role as
bankers and shippers for Europe
c: England and France: kings were ineffective in the 18th century; propertied classes (aristocracy)
grew both in wealth and influence in government (parliament and parlements)
d: Louis XV: five years old when becoming king (1715); regent – Duke of Orleans – allowed
aristocracy to grow in political power; parlements gain more influence in 18th century
e: Great Britain under George I: Hannoverian line (German – 1714) with death of Anne;
parliament asserted its authority; Whigs dominated the House of Lords, Tories dominated the
House of Commons; Stuart partisans (Jacobites) rebelled for the return of the Stuart line of
kings (“The Fifteen” and “the Forty-five”), neither was successful, though they did upset the
stability of parliament in the 18th century
What were the great financial scandals of the 1720s, and how did they
come about?
a: After War of Spanish Succession: Britain and France in debt from war; In France, John Law’s
Mississippi Company accepted debt of France; In Britain, the South Sea Company accepted debt
of Britain; companies paid back loans with stock; speculation led to “bubble” in companies,
which burst in 1720
b: British recovery: faster recovery than France; banking system firmer than France; parliament
passes laws prohibiting additional sale of stocks; laws passed to maintain South Sea Company
and Bank of England (bailout); no war debt repudiated – British credit solidified; debt was seen
as belonging to the nation and was paid off by nation
c: French recovery: most debt repudiated – France’s credit was destroyed; nobles didn’t pay
taxes, so debt difficult to pay off; private citizens didn’t trust paper securities and put money
into land; commercial capitalism slowed; debt was seen as belonging to the king, not the nation
d: Parliament in England: cabinet for the king was established, and filled with parliament
members; parliament came to make up both the legislative and executive functions
e: Walpole and Fleury avoid war: for the most part (to avoid the tax increase or debt that would
come with it); however, both would still become entangled in wars, leading eventually to war
spreading to colonies
Is the practice of growing war debts
acceptable government policy? What
are the advantages and disadvantages of
using/accumulating war debts?
Consider the war debts of European
nations seen in this chapter, as well as
domestic examples here in the U.S.
Chapter 7, Section 34 – “The
Great War of the MidEighteenth Century: The Peace
of Paris, 1763”
What was the “Great War” of the eighteenth century?
a: Known by many names: The War of the Pragmatic Sanction, the War of Jenkin’s Ear, the
Seven Years’ War, The French and Indian Wars, King George’s War, Silesian Wars, War of Austrian
Succession; war was fought in Asia, the Americas and Europe
b: Eighteenth century warfare: fought by low classes (conscripted armies), paid and
professionally trained, fought with muskets and some cannons, not fought with nationalist
sentiments, deserters often joined the other side, civilians usually not harmed
c: War of Austrian Succession: Prussia v. Austria (1740-1748); Frederick II of Prussia (the Great)
disregarded Pragmatic Sanction (it was ignored by all the great powers) and attacked for parts of
Austrian Empire (names Silesia); Austria supported by Holland and England; Prussia supported
by France and Spain
d: British victory over French: British defeat French in the colonies; however, agreement was
compromise – Prussia would receive Silesia but kept Belgium
e: France in the colonies: France shown as incapable of fighting in colonies
f: Austrians attempt at Silesia: Austria allies with Russia and France (allying with France was a
diplomatic revolution – the Bourbons and Habsburgs had been enemies for close to two
centuries); Maria Theresa’s daughter, Marie Antoinette was married off to the future Louis XVI
(unpopular alliance in France)
Why was the Seven Years’ War fought in Asia, the Americas,
and in Europe? Who won?
a. On European continent: Austria, Russia, France saw Prussia as a threat; Prussia had strong
military (see chapter 5), which was able to retain Silesia even after being attacked by the
Austrian alliance
b. Competition for global economy: driving force behind the great war of the 18th century
(especially between France and Britain); France had more territory, Britain had more population;
war broke out in colonies 1756 over land claims; British defeat French colony of Quebec and are
victorious at other land holdings
c. Fragmentation of India: Moguls defeated in India in early 18th century; India fragmented
afterwards, with Hindu and Muslim princes vying for supremacy; British and French had
interests in India, each owning trade ports along coast; British defeat French at the Battle of
Plassey (1757) with help of “sepoys” (Indians trained in western fighting style)
What were most important terms of the peace settlement
and its consequences?
a. Compromise: British won on all three fronts, but compromise in peace agreement; French
ceded North American territories east of Mississippi to Britain, all territories west to Spain, but
kept sugar plantations in Caribbean, slave stations in Africa, and holdings in India
b. Prussian growth: in prestige, power, and land
c. French and British participation in global economy: remained strong and grew, as did British
trade with its mainland colonies in North America
d. Balance of power: preserved – no power would become supreme, “universal monarch”
e. Effects on Asia: Asia pulled farther into European sphere of influence; India became one of
the highlights in the British overseas empire
a. In what ways and to what extent did absolutism
affect the power and status of the European
nobility in the period 1650 to 1750? Use
examples from at least TWO countries.
b. Compare and contrast the goals and major
policies of Peter the Great of Russia (ruled 16821725) with those of Frederick the Great of
Prussia (ruled 1740-1786).
c. Explain why Europe saw no lasting peace in the
period between the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
and the Peace of Paris in 1763.