Early Civilizations
First Civilizations: Africa and Asia
First Civilizations: Africa and Asia
• Warm up #8
– What role do rivers play in the shaping of
civilizations living in arid conditions?
First Civilizations: Africa and Asia
• Essential Questions:
– What role did rivers play in the shaping of the
first civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
– How did trade, and migration spread ideas
among early civilizations?
– What were the major accomplishments of
ancient Egyptian leaders?
– How did religion effect ancient Egyptian
society?
– How did ancient Egyptians communicate?
First Civilizations: Africa and Asia
• Essential questions (continued)
– How did ancient Egyptians Communicate with
the common person?
– Who did the ancient Egyptians record their
history?
– What was the Rosetta stone and why was it
important?
– How can you write and read hieroglyphics?
Geography in the Nile Valley
• Egypt is
_________________
– Herodotus (Greek
historian)
• Without the Nile
Egypt would be a
_________________
• Egypt is mostly desert
Nile Valley
• All through history
villages line the banks
of the Nile because it
is the ___________
area of the region
– __________________
__________________
__________________
– __________________
__________________
__________________
Nile Valley
• Nile formed a delta at
its mouth to the
_________________
_________________
– Delta very fertile
• Yearly Floods
– __________________
__________________
– Great for farming
History of Egypt
• Periods
• During these periods
power passed from one
ruling family to another
• Land remained united
under one ruler
– _____________________
• 2700BC – 2200 BC
– ______________________
• 2050 BC – 1800 BC
– ______________________
• 1550 BC – 1100 BC
Old Kingdom of Egypt
• Organized _________________________
• Pharaohs ruled
– ____________________________________
• Justice and order
– Vizier (Chief Minister)
• __________________________________
– When pharaohs built the majestic pyramids
• ________________________________________
• Took years/decades to build
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
• Old Kingdom collapsed because of
__________________________________
(pyramids)
• Middle Kingdom ___________________
• Lots of corruption; rebellions common
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
New Kingdom of Egypt
• Started when Hyksos were driven out
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
– Expanded power to modern day Iraq
Queen Hatshepsut
• Began by ruling in the
name of a _________
• Declared herself
Pharaoh and won
support of key leaders
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Things to know from the Video
1- Why was Egypt in turmoil prior to the
formation of the empire?
2- What was the view most Egyptians had
toward foreigners?
3- Who were some of the unique and
famous leaders of early Egypt?
4- What were the major accomplishment of
these leaders?
Map Activity #1
• Complete map activity handed out in class
• Next slide for instructions
Instructions for Map Activity
• Title Map
• Make a key
• Find, identify, label, color the following:
– Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia, Babylonian
Empire, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Nile
River, Old Egyptian Kingdom, New Egyptian
Kingdom, Sumer, Red Sea, Persian Gulf,
Thebes, and the Mediterranean Sea
Amennhotep III
• Amennhotep III ruled for almost 40 years
during the 18th Dynasty of Egypt's history
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Amennhotep III
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Also a period of lavish luxury at the royal
court
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Amennhotep III
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• The people in general did not
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
Akhenaten
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Declared that Aten
was not merely the
supreme god,
_________________
Akhenaten
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Inscriptions of the plural 'gods' were also
removed
• Akhenaten's chief wife was Nefertiti
Nefertiti
• Mother-in-law and
probable stepmother
of the ____________
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
the name
Ankhkheprure
Neferneferuaten
Nefertiti
• Nefertiti and her
husband were
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________.
They believed only in
one god, Aten
Nefertiti
• Nefertiti was also
known throughout
Egypt for her beauty.
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Invented her own
makeup using the
Galena plant.
Nefertiti
• About Year 14 of Akhenaten's reign (1336
BC), Nefertiti vanishes from the historical
record, and there is no word of her after
that date
• __________________________________
__________________________________
Tutankhamen
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Tried to reverse the religious changes
made by Akhenaten
Tutankhamen
• The 1922 discovery by
____________________
of Tutankhamen's intact
tomb received worldwide
press coverage and
sparked a renewed public
interest in ancient Egypt,
for which Tutankhamen's
burial mask remains the
popular face
Ramses II
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Expanded Egypt
toward modern day
_______________
• Fought the Hittites in
Turkey
Decline of the New Kingdom
• After Ramses dies Egypt is plagued by
many weak Pharaohs
• __________________________________
– ______________________________
– Greek
– _______________________________
Egyptian Religion
• _________________
• _________________
• Inherited their
religious beliefs from
their earliest
ancestors
Egyptian Gods
• Chief god was the
sun god __________
• linked to the sun god
_________________
_________________
_________________
________________
– Only the pharaoh
could conduct
ceremonies for the sun
god
Other Gods
• Osiris –
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
– Ruled the underworld
– God of the Nile
• Isis
– ________________
Other Gods
• Set
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– Vilified
– __________________
• Chopped up Osiris
Belief in the Afterlife
• There are three elements to the
Egyptian concept of soul
– __________________
– __________________
– __________________(and its opposite Mut)
Ka
• Ka
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– The royal Ka
symbolized a
pharaoh’s right to
rule, a universal
force that passed
from one pharaoh to
the next.
Ba
• Ba
– __________________
__________________
__________________
_________________.
– The face of Ba was
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Akh
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• The transfigured
spirit of a person
that ____________
with light after death
Mut
• The opposite of Akh
is Mut (dead), the
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• More than 5,000 years ago, after burying
their dead, the ancient Egyptians learned
that the burning desert sands desiccated
corpses
• Instead of turning to dust, the skin
shriveled up and clung to the bones
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Those who could
afford to had their
bodies painstakingly
embalmed
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• Step one
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– Looks like a
__________________
__________________
__________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• Step Two
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– Place organs in
__________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• Step Three
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– Took moisture from
the flesh and reduced
odors
– Some was stuffed
inside the abdominal
cavity
– __________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• Step Four
– 35 days later
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• Step Five
– __________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
– A small amulet was
placed over the only
organ left inside, the
__________________
Mummification
(ref National Geographic Magazine)
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
– Prayer: “You are young again. You live
again. You are young again. You live
again. Forever.”
• Ancient Egyptian prayer for the dead
Egyptian Society –1
•
•
•
•
•
Has a class system
#1 Pharaoh is both God and earthly leader
#2 High Priests and Priestesses
#3 Nobles
#4 Tiny class of merchants, artisans &
scribes
• #5 Peasant farmers
• __________________________________
Egyptian Society - 2
• __________________________________
– Some farmers are slaves
– ____________________________________
–
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Egyptian Society - 3
•
•
•
•
•
•
Role of women
_________________________________
_________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________
Could get divorced
Accomplishments of the
Egyptians -1
• Medicine
– Magic
– ___________________________________
– ___________________________________
• Astronomy
– Mapped constellations
– Calendar
• ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Accomplishments of the
Egyptians - 2
• Arts and literature
• Painting and sculpture
– Statues
– ____________________________________
Communication
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Believed that the
________________
as they thought it
emerged from the ball
of dung it lived in
Communication
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Small scarabs were
sent for
_________________
_________________
_________________
Rosetta Stone
• Key to understanding ancient Egyptian
hieroglyphics
• _________________________________
• Had the same message in three types of
script
(_________________________________
_________________________________ )
Rosetta Stone
Egyptian Writing
• Called Hieroglyphics
• _________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Hieroglyphics
• A modern type of hieroglyphic writings
would be a rebus. A rebus is a picture
puzzle that can be "sounded out" by
reading the sounds symbolized by the
pictures. When these sounds are read
aloud together, the statements often
becomes obvious.
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian
Numbers
Hieroglyphic Exercise
• Tasking
• Individually write name using hieroglyphics
• In pairs
– Decipher messages you are given
• Go further in pairs
– Write a several sentence message that
relates a fact about History in hieroglyphics
and present it to class
Homework
• Finish hieroglyphics message and be
prepared to present
Early Civilizations - 2
First Civilizations: Africa and Asia
Part 2
City States of Ancient Sumer
(Mesopotamia)
• Essential Questions
• How did the geographic features
encourage the rise of civilization in the
fertile crescent?
• How were the Sumerian government and
society organized?
• What were the main accomplishments of
the Sumerian society?
City States of Ancient Sumer
(Mesopotamia)
• Essential Questions (continued)
– How did the civilizations in Mesopotamia
develop?
– How did powerful rulers like Hammurabi
influence the development of ancient
societies?
– What was the code of Hammurabi?
City States of Ancient Sumer –1
• Geography
• __________________________________
– Between the __________________________
– ______________ means “between the rivers”
– These rivers are similar in function to the Nile
in Egypt
• Floods
• ________________________________________
City States of Ancient Sumer–2
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• 3500 BC
• Babylon 500 BC
Ancient Sumer - 1
Ancient Sumer - 2
• Sumer had few
natural resources
• First cities
– Rectangular in size
– __________________
__________________
__________________
• Pyramid design
• ___________________
___________________
___________________
Ancient Sumer - 3
• People
– __________________
__________________
– Most common people
lived in small houses
• Economic life
– _________________
– _________________
– Used river for
transportation
Ancient Sumer – 4
• Sumer and the Wheel
– ____________________________________
____________________________________
• Government
– ____________________________________
– Each had a ruler
– Each had armies and war leaders
Ancient Sumer Social Classes
• Each city-state had a distinct social class
structure and hierarchy
– #1 ___________________________
– #2 Leading officials and high priests
– #3 Small middle class of merchants and
artisans
– #4 Most people peasant farmers
– Not in a class - Slaves
• ________________________________________
________________________________________
Women in Sumer
• Early myths
– Women were goddesses of the earth
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Men gained more power and rights
Sumer Religion
• _________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• Highest duty people had was to keep the
gods happy
• Believed in an afterlife
– ____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Sumer School
• First writing
• __________________________________
__________________________________
• Cuneiform developed
• Grew out of ________________________
• Evolved from 3200 BC to 500 BC
Cuneiform
Hammurabi -1
•
•
•
•
Born: 19th century BC
Birthplace: Babylon (now central Iraq)
Died: c. 1750 BC
Best known as:
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Hammurabi - 2
• Ruled Babylon nearly
4 millennia ago
(1792-1750BC)
• _________________
_________________
_________________
• First years of his reign
were spent
consolidating his rule
Hammurabi - 3
• Conquered his neighbors and untied all of
Mesopotamia under his leadership
• Organized captured territories
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Code of Hammurabi - 1
• One of the earliest known examples of human
laws being defined and written down in an
orderly way
• ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
• Some laws are general (anyone caught
committing robbery shall be put to death) and
others are very specific (If anyone hire an ox
driver, he shall pay him six gur of corn per year)
The Code
Code of Hammurabi - 2
• In the introduction to the code, the King
declares his desire to “_______________”
and at the end he declares that through
his enactments,
“_________________________________
__________________________________
_________________________________”
• Hammurabi stands out as one of the great
____________________ figures in history
Code Activity - 1
• You are given a situation
• Using your best judgment determine what you
believe to be the outcome of the situation
• Use primary source document (The Code) to
see what Hammurabi would do
• Write/type a Five (5) paragraph essay explaining
how your opinion and that of Hammurabi’s differ
or agree
• Present to class
Code Activity - 2
• Introduction
– Give background on situation
• Paragraph two
– What your determination is and why
• Paragraph three
– Hammurabi’s determination and why
• Paragraph four
– Differences and/or similarities
• Conclusion
Sumer Summary
Early Civilizations - 3
Other Group Contributions
Other Group Contributions
• Essential Questions
• What contributions to civilization did other
groups like the Phoenicians and the
Hebrews make to civilization?
Warfare and the Spread of Ideas-1
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• However some, like the Hittites, sought to
incorporate the ideas of those they
defeated into their own society and culture
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Empire of the Hittites -1
• Started18th century BC
• _________________________________,
encompassing a large part of present day
Turkey, north-western Syria and eastward
into upper Mesopotamia
• Declined dramatically, after ca. 1180 BC,
there were only some Hittite city-states
Two views of the Hittite Empire
Warfare and Spread of Ideas -2
• Ironworking
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Iron
– Stronger and cheaper than bronze or copper
Assyrians
• Expanded from the
Fertile Crescent
• _________________
_________________
_________________
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Assyrian Empire-1
• Encompassed the
Fertile Crescent, most
of Egypt, Israel, Syria
and Lebanon and
southern Turkey
Assyrian Empire-2
• Not just brutal
• __________________________________
__________________________________
Assyrian Empire -3
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Babylonian Empire started soon after 612
• _______________________________
one of its greatest leaders
Nebuchadnezzar and the
Babylonian Empire
• Nebuchadnezzar
• Effective ruler
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Advanced the study
of Astronomy
Persian Empire - 1
Persian Empire - 2
• Grew during 500BC
• Took Babylon
• Made up the biggest empire in the known
world for a time
– Turkey to India
– Entire Middle East
Persian Empire - 2
• Expanded tremendously under the
leadership of Darius the Great
• _________________________________
• __________________________________
• __________________________________
• Had a single code of laws
• Used propaganda well
Darius the Great
Persian Empire - 3
•
•
•
•
•
•
Economics under Darius
_______________________________
Replaced barter system
_______________________________
Built up communications
_______________________________
Persian Religion
• Zoroaster
• Born: 628 B.C.
Birthplace: Iran Died:
551 B.C.
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Persian Religion: Zoroastrianism -1
• It emphasizes that
______________________________________
_______, in the form of Ormuzd
(_________________________) and Ahriman
(_________________________), both ultimately
descended from the Wise Lord, _____________
• Active participation in life through good thoughts,
good words and good deeds is necessary to
ensure happiness and to keep the chaos at bay.
This active participation is a central element in
Zoroaster's concept of ____________________
Persian Religion: Zoroastrianism - 2
• ______________________________________
• In the final renovation, all of creation—even the
souls of the dead that were initially banished to
"darkness"—will be reunited in Ahura Mazda
returning to life in the undead form.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Persian Religion: Zoroastrianism -3
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• The holy book of Zoroastrianism is the
Avesta, which includes the hymns of
Zoroaster (The Gathas, from which most
of his biographical information comes),
liturgical texts and prayers
Persian Religion: Zoroastrianism -4
The Phoenicians
• Gained fame as sailors and traders
• ________________________________
– Needed a quick way to wrote and
hieroglyphics and cuneiform were to
cumbersome
• __________________________________
• Greeks later added __________________
Phoenicia
• _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________.
• Colonized: Syria, Cyprus, Libya,
Tunisia, Italy, Malta, Algeria,
Morocco and Spain, they were never
warlords.
Phoenician Colonies
•
Phoenicia - 2
• _____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
• Had a cultural identity between the
peoples, mainly because of a
____________________________
Phoenicia - 3
• Every main city was ruled by a king,
who had to cooperate with strong
representatives of merchant families
• Over time these representatives
developed into councils that in the
1st millennium BC would dethrone
the kings
Phoenician Classes
• #1 wealthy merchant aristocrats
• #2, lesser businessmen, craftsmen,
dealers, shopkeepers and
entrepreneurs
• #3, normal working man
• The bottom, slaves
– ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
The World of the Hebrews
• Essential Questions:
• What were the main events that shaped
the civilization and culture of the ancient
Hebrews?
• How were the religious beliefs of the
Hebrews unique in the ancient world?
• What moral values did the Hebrew
prophets preach and how did they effect
modern civilization?
Covenant with God
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Ark of the Covenant
• _________________
Ancient Hebrew People - 1
• Among the many groups who lived in the
“Fertile Crescent”
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Originally a nomadic people
– Migrated to Egypt and were enslaved
– Moses led them out; 40 years wandering in
the Sinai
Ancient Hebrew People - 2
• Eventually settled and conquered Canaan
– Present day Israel
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Set up the ancient
__________________________________
_________________________________
Hebrew exodus from Egypt to
Canaan
Skillful Rulers - 1
• David
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Became King and
united the tribes of
Israel into one nation
Skillful Rulers - 2
•
•
•
•
•
•
Solomon
David’s son
__________________________________
Build huge temple to God in Jerusalem
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Skillful Rulers - 3
• Largest extent of
Israel under King
Solomon
Division
• After death off
Solomon, Kingdom of
Israel was divided into
two kingdoms
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
Conquest of the Hebrew
Kingdoms
• Israel fell to Assyrians in 722 BC
• Judah fell to Nebuchadnezzar (Babylon)
– Great Temple destroyed
– Many Hebrews forced into exile in Babylon
• Babylonian captivity
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Convenient with God Revisited
• Hebrew history and religion are
interconnected
• _________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Ten Commandments
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Laws set out the
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Profound effect upon Christianity
Ten Commandments
Other Laws
• Torah
• _________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
_________________
• Words of prophets
Women in Hebrew Society
• In very ancient Hebrew society
– Women were often leaders
– ____________________________________
____________________________________
– Women often not allowed to participate in
religious ceremonies
Scattering of the Jewish People
• ________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Judaism
• Considered one of the great religions because it
tremendously influenced both Christianity and
Islam
Summary