THE INTERNET
Matthew Baillie, Luke Day
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET
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1963 - J.C.R. Licklider authored a series of memos concerning
theoretical network structures while working at Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
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1970 – Robert Kahn exhibits electronic mail (email) at the International
Computer Communication Conference
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1980 – Dave Farber reveals his project that aims to build an inexpensive
network using dial up phone links.
HISTORY OF THE INTERNET PT.2
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1981 – 3com announces Ethernet for workstation computers. Ethernet
allows users to build an affordable local area network.
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1985 – The first domain is registered
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1990 – Robert Cailliau and other CERN Scientist begin to create the
World Wide Web. Berners-Lee develops Hyper Text Markup Language
and Uniform Resource Locator.
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1999 – Internet Music and video piracy is now possible with the creation
of Napster File-Sharing Software.
INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET
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Every computer connected to the Internet is part of a network.
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In order to connect to networks, one typically has to have an ISP (or internet
service provider.)
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Your ISP will provide a set transfer speed, measured in mbps (or megabytes
per second.)
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Every computer connected to the internet has an IP address, (or internet
protocol address.) Protocols are defined as ways that computers interact
with each other, and internet protocols define how computers transfer data
between each other.
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To access a website, one typically types in a domain name. This is part of the
overall URL. “Google.com” is a domain name. In “Google.com/home”,
Google.com is the domain name, and home is the specific page.
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URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It has two parts: the protocol
identifier and the resource name. http is the most common protocol identifier –
it stands for hypertext transfer protocol.
INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET PT. 2
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DNS stands for Domain Name System. It is the system through which domain
names are translated into IP addresses.
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Html is the code that websites are based in. html stands for hypertext
markup language.
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Additionally, websites can use other coding languages like JavaScript, PHP,
CSS, and ActionScript. They provide a lot of very useful tools to create better
and more complex websites.
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jQuery is an open-source JavaScript library. It provides the capability for
programmers to create plug-ins using JavaScript. The result is the ability to
create animation and advanced widgets for your website.
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A port number is a number that specifies a specific service between a host
and a client. This port number, a 16 bit integer, refers to a port through which
this service can be requested.
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Another name for a host is a web server. It is the computer that clients
connect to for a service, like loading a website or playing an online video
game.
THE WORLD WIDE WEB
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In 1985, the internet was born in Europe. In this year, the concept of DNS was
created. In 1988, an IP connection was made between Europe and North
America. Tim Berners-Lee invented the idea of hypermedia, arguing that this
new technology could hold more than simple text. A formal proposal was made
for this in 1990 to create the WorldWideWeb.
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The web was developed in 3 months. The first server went up in 1990, as well
as the first web browser. Finally, the first web site was created.
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From here, the World Wide Web served as the foundation for the internet as
we know it. In 2004, Time Berners-Lee was actually knighted by Queen
Elizabeth II for his services in developing the internet.
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Here’s the general process of how the WWW works: when a URL is typed into
the address bar, the protocol is added to the URL (if you did not supply it –
this is typically http://.) This is them translated into an IP address through DNS
if it was not already an IP address. Then, the web server receives your request
through a specific port and delivers the file or service through that port.
SCRIPTING/MARKUP LANGUAGES
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A markup language controls the main framework of the data. An example
of a markup language is html.
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A scripting language, simply, produces scripts. It gives the computer a
series of specific tasks. An example of a scripting language is PHP.
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One could say that the framework of what we actually see on the Internet
is based in html. A website simply cannot exist without a markup
language, namely html.
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A scripting language such as PHP or JavaScript is used to make the
website perform specific tasks. It can be as simple as moving an item on
screen, or performing server-side calculations.
ACTIONSCRIPT
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ActionScript was originally developed by Adobe Systems to handle 2D
animation in Adobe Flash. Once Flash moved past the need for this in
order to retain this animation functionality, ActionScript became mainly
used for mobile development, database applications, and in basic
robotics.
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Actionscript 2.0 was released in 2004, for the purpose of Flash
development.
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ActionScript 3.0 was released in 2006. It is targeted for versions of Flash
Player 9 and forward. ActionScript 3.0 executes code 10 times faster than
ActionScript 1.0.
CONCLUSION
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The internet makes use of several programming languages to function
such as html and ActionScript.
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These fall under the titles of markup and scripting languages respectively.
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Markup languages form the basic structure of webpages, while scripting
languages perform things like server side calculation and animation.
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The internet was born in 1985, and is still growing today!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/domain_name.html
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https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/urls/definition.html
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionScript
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https://technet.microsoft.com/en-ca/library/cc787920(v=ws.10).aspx
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JQuery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web
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http://perlmaven.com/how-does-the-world-wide-web-work
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https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-programminglanguages-markup-languages-and-scripting-languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Systems
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http://www.newmedia.org/history-of-the-internet.html