THEA OBJECTIVE #4
Idea Relationships I and II
Chapter 4 and 5
the manner in which the author
organizes his or her
information.
Sequence Pattern (time)
List pattern (addition)
Compare-Contrast Pattern
Cause /Effect Pattern
Definition/example pattern
(illustration)
 Problem/Solution Pattern
Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that
show relationships between ideas. They are “bridge”
words, carrying the reader across from one idea to
the next:
CHAPTER 4 Relationships I
Here are some common words that show addition:
Addition Words
Examples
•
•
Depression can be eased through therapy and medication. Physical
exercise has also been shown to help.
Bananas are the most frequently purchased fruit in the U.S. Why are
bananas so popular? To begin with, they are convenient to carry
around and to eat.
Time Words
Here are some common words that show
illustration:
Illustration Words
Examples
• Although they are children’s stories, famous fairy
tales such as “Little Red Riding Hood” and “Snow
White” are clearly filled with dark symbolic meanings.
• A number of famous historical figures, including Beethoven,
Charles Dickens, and Winston Churchill, suffered from
depression.
Here are some common words that show
comparison:
Comparison Words
Examples
• Very young and very old people resemble one
another in their dependence upon those around
them.
• Car manufacturers often show beautiful women with their
products, as if to suggest that owning the car will bring
social rewards. In the same way, alcohol ads typically show
people in fun or romantic settings.
Here are some common words that show contrast:
Contrast Words
Examples
• While mammals have internal mechanisms that
regulate body temperature, cold-blooded animals
such as lizards must regulate their temperature by
external means, such as basking on warm sunny
rocks.
• Corporate executives urged employees to buy the
company’s stock despite the fact that they were selling it
themselves.
Here are some common words that show cause and
effect:
Cause and Effect Words
Examples
• Young babies have weak necks and relatively heavy
heads. Consequently, it is important to support the
baby’s head firmly when you hold him or her.
• Do not refrigerate potatoes. The reason is that a potato’s
starch will turn to sugar at low temperatures, making the
vegetable taste odd.
CHAPTER 4 Relationships I
A Note on Main Ideas and Patterns of Organization
A paragraph’s main idea often indicates its
pattern of organization.
Paying close attention to the main idea
can give you a quick sense of a
paragraph’s pattern of organization.
Main idea: Shakespearian acting companies had to work hard to
make boys look and sound like women.
Because women were not allowed to act in English plays during
Shakespeare’s time, young male actors pretended to be women. Acting
companies had to work hard to make boys sound and look like women.
To begin with, they chose teenage boys who had not reached puberty.
They found boy actors who had high-pitched voices and didn’t need to
shave. Next, they dressed the boys in women’s clothing. An upper cloth
called a bodice was tightened with string so that the boys looked as if
they had feminine waists. The boys wore dresses and high-heeled shoes
that matched their characters. A long-haired wig completed the costumes.
Finally, they added makeup. A white paste made the boys look pale, and
red blush gave them rosy lips and cheeks. The boy actors would step on
stage looking like ladies.
1. Chose boys who had not yet reached
puberty
2. Dressed boys in women’s clothing
3. Added makeup
This paragraph is organized according to time order.
People who move into affordable city neighborhoods may not
realize it, but they are often part of a process that ends in the change of
a community. The first stage of this “gentrification” process begins when
young artists move into a low-income working-class neighborhood.
These artists are often attracted by the low rents and the proximity to the
urban centers where they can’t afford to live. In the next stage, young
professionals follow the artists into the neighborhood. They are often
attracted to the trendy restaurants, galleries, and nightclubs that open in
neighborhoods popular with artists. The final stage of the gentrification
process occurs when upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
The end result is a neighborhood where the rising rents are too costly for
the artists who started the process of gentrification to begin with. The
artists, therefore, are forced to move on to another working-class
neighborhood, where they will start this process over again.
Main idea: The process of gentrification can transform a
community.
Stage 1—Young artists move into a low-income working-class
neighborhood.
Stage 2—Young professionals follow the artists into the
neighborhood.
Stage 3—Upper-class families take over the neighborhood.
Stage 4—The artists are forced to move on to another working-class
neighborhood, and the process begins all over again.
CHAPTER 4 Relationships I
Patterns of Organization / Two Final Points
2 Remember that not all relationships between ideas are
signaled by transitions.
An author may present a list of
items, for example, without using addition words.
As you read, watch for the relationships
themselves, not just the transitions.
• Sequence Pattern(time)- The ideas presented by the
author must be in order.
• List Pattern (addition)-In this pattern, the author
organizes his/her information by making a list. This list
does not need to be in any order.
• Definition Pattern(illustration) -In this pattern, the author
defines a particular term, idea, or concept and follows it
with examples.
• Cause – Effect Pattern -The author explains the reason
why something happened or the results of something. (the
cause happens first!)
• Compare-Contrast Pattern -This pattern shows how two
things are alike and how they are different ,or both.
• Problem – Solution- a problem is presented and either a
solution or a possible solution is given
TRANSITION WORDS THAT
HELP
page 222
Mark It!
LIST PATTERN-MORE TRANSITION WORDS
 characteristics,
 elements,
 features,
 types,
 ways
 letters (a, b, c) or bullets to list
information
COMPARE-CONTRAST PATTERN
 Comparison: how 2 things are alike
 Contrast: how they are different
CAUSE/EFFECT -WHICH IS
WHICH?
Cause
Effect
Many students find it difficult to make the transition
from high school to college. In high school, teachers
often treat students like children. For instance,
teachers may require homework to be done in a certain
color ink, or they may call parents when children
misbehave. On the other hand, college teachers treat
students as adults. No one other than the students
themselves is expected to take responsibility for
learning. Also, adjusting to greater independence can
be a challenge for many college freshmen. Students in
high school usually live at home. In college, however,
many students live on their own and have no one to
answer to or depend on but themselves.
1Psychologists
use several theories to explain
different sides of human behavior. 2Best-known is
the psychoanalytic theory, which holds that people
are driven largely by needs and desires that they
are not aware of—the so-called “subconscious”
mind. 3Another theory, behaviorism, suggests that
people’s actions are based largely on past
experiences of reward and punishment. 4We do
things that brought us pleasant results in the past
and avoid things that brought unpleasant results.
5Yet another theory, “gestalt” psychology,
emphasizes the role of overall patterns in our
thinking. 6For example, we find it much easier to
remember a tune than a series of unconnected
musical notes.
1Projection
is an unconscious process of
seeing one’s own shortcomings in others. 2For
example, a greedy shop owner may cheat many
of his customers, yet consider himself a pillar
of the community and a good Christian. 3How
does he justify to himself his greed and
dishonesty? 4He believes that everyone who
enters his store is bent on cheating him any
way he or she can. 5In reality, few, if any, of
his customers share his motives, but he
projects his own greed and dishonesty onto
them.
1When
a person’s position in society is derived
primarily through inheritance, we call this ascribed
status; that is, a person’s position in society is fixed (or
ascribed to him or her by others) on the basis of family
background or genetic inheritance. 2Racial, ethnic, and
religious differences, as well as gender, often serve as
the basis for ascribed status. 3The caste system in India
has long been an extreme example of a social structure
based on ascribed status. 4Each level in society is known
as a caste. 5Everyone is born belonging to a specific
caste. 6The caste of the parents thus generally
determines the status of their children, regardless of
ability or merit.
THEA SAMPLE
About 5% of all babies born alive, or 175,000 babies
per year, have a significant defect. Such birth defects
account for about 15% of deaths among newborns.
Recall from the genetics chapters that birth defects may
be caused by genetic as well a environmental factors, or
by a combination of the two.
According to the selection, which of the following is a
result of birth defects?
a. Fifteen percent of newborns die
b. Five percent of babies born alive have significant birth
defects
c. Poor social development results.