Chapter 1 Review
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EQ #1 (Chapter 1 Section 1) What is
psychology and what are the goals of this
social science?
Psychology is the study of the mind,
behavior, and cognitive activities.
The Goals are to
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Describe
Explain
Predict
Control
Observe
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EQ#2: Chapter 1 Section 2: What are the
types of jobs in Psychology?
Clinical
Counseling
School
Educational
Experimental
Developmental
Social
Personality
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EQ#3: What are the perspectives
psychologists use to explain behavior?
Biological (Brain, nervous system heredity,
hormones)
Cognitive (thinking, decision making,
problem solving)
Humanistic (Motivation)
Psychoanalytic (The unconscious mind)
Learning (The environment)
Sociocultural (Culture)
A Brief History of Psychology
Or…Name that Psychologist
Socrates
(469-399 B.C)
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Emphasized the
importance of
Introspection (Know
Thyself)
Don’t rely on your
senses. Rely on
rational thought and
self-knowledge.
Athenian jury found other charges—corrupting the youth and interfering
with the religion of the city—upon which to convict Socrates, and they
sentenced him to death in 399 B.C.E. Accepting this outcome with
remarkable grace, Socrates drank hemlock and died in the company of
his friends and disciples.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE.)
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The basic ideas of
psychology were outlined
by Aristotle his work Peri
Psyches (About the
Psyche)
Human behavior can be
explained by laws, just as
in science.
Example: Seek pleasure
and avoid pain.
Wilhelm Wundt
(1832-1920)
German Philosopher & Psychologist
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He taught at Leipzig, where he
founded the first laboratory for
experimental psychology.
Wundt stressed the use of scientific
methods in psychology, particularly
through the use of introspection.
After experiencing a sensation
subjects were asked to analyze their
experience and their feelings.
(Experience + feelings = the MIND.
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt is credited to be
the “Father of Psychology.”
G. Stanley Hall
(1844 - 1924)
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American student of Wundt.
Created the field of Child
Psychology
Founded the American
Psychological Association
While at Clark University, Hall
organized a conference in 1909 for
175 people, 40 of which were
American Psychologists. Among
the attending psychologists were
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung,
William James
(1842-1910)
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Wrote the first psychology
textbook, The Principles of
Psychology in 1890.
Created the school of
Functionalism- How does
experience allow us to adapt to
our environment? What is the
purpose of behavior?
Influenced by Darwin.
Adaptive behaviors are learned
and continue. (studying for
tests, baby playing with toys)
DR. IVAN PAVLOV
(1849-1936)
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Begins the school of
Behaviorism through
his work with dogs
and digestion.
All behavior is the
result of external
stimuli. Free will and
decision making is
ignored.
John B. Watson
(1878 - 1958)
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The “Father of
Behaviorism”
To be a true science,
psychology must study
only observable behaviors.
Human emotions are
learned through
conditioning.
Little Albert
Demonstration
B. F. SKINNER
1904 – 1990
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Operant ConditioningOrganisms learn behavior
through the consequences
of that behavior.
Reinforcement vs.
Punishment
Shaping-learning complex
behaviors through learning
small steps of that
behavior.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Founder of
Psychoanalysis
Emphasized the
importance of unconscious
motives on human
behavior.
The expression of our
sexual instinct influences
much of our behavior.
Dream Analsysis
CARL JUNG
1875 – 1961
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Student of Freud
Complexes
The importance of
religion
Personality Types:
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Thinker
Feeler
Sensor
Intuitor
ALFRED ADLER
1870 – 1937
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Student of Freud
Emphasized the
inferiority complex.
4 Major Causes
Our personality and
behavior is formed by
our attempts to
overcome our
inferiority.
ERIK ERIKSON
1902 – 1994
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Our personality is formed
as we resolve 8 social
crises in our lives.
Examples: learning trust,
intimacy, and industry
Created the idea of an
identity crisis
First psychologist to take a
life-span approach to
psychology.
KAREN HORNEY
1885 - 1952
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Horney's theory is perhaps the
best theory of neurosis we
have.
Specifically, she saw neurosis
as an attempt to make life
bearable.
The neurotic need for affection
and approval, the indiscriminate
need to please others and be
liked by them.
The neurotic need to exploit
others and get the better of
them.
Alfred Binet
(July 8, 1857- October 18, 1911)
French Psychologist
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He was employed by
French school system to
create a way of
determining which
students needed more help
academically.
Developed the first IQ
test.
Cognitive PsychologyHow humans think and
solve problems.
JEAN PIAGET
1896 – 1980
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Worked in France
administering Binet’s IQ
test.
Children do not think like
adults. Why?
Created 4 stages of
cognitive ability that
accurately explain the
behavior of children.
Influenced teachers and
school system.
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
1927-1987
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Built on the work of
Piaget to create a
theory of moral
development.
Used moral dilemmas
to analyze the moral
level of children and
adults.
Howard Gardner
(July 11, 1943 - )
American Psychologist and Educator
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There are 8 different
types of intelligence,
each as important as
the other.
Michael Jordan
Einstein
Mozart
Ronald Reagan?
Albert Ellis
1913 
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Created Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Humans create their own
depression by how they
cognitively deal with situations.
Is it OK to fail?
Treatment involves challenging
the irrational thoughts the
patient has.
INTROSPECTION is required
Elizabeth F. Loftus
(1944 - )
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The most horrifying
idea is that what we
believe with all our
hearts is not
necessarily the
truth.(Loftus, 1996,
Memory is malleable
and easily altered.
Michael Gazzaniga, Ph.D
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Has spent most of his
career studying the
brain and left/right
hemisphere
dominance.
Researched the impact
of spilt brain
operations.
Check for Understanding
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How is behaviorism different from
psychoanalysis?
How do cognitive psychologists explain human
behavior?
What is introspection?
Name two psychologists who would focus on the
unconscious to explain human behavior.
Name two psychologists who would only study
observable human behavior.
Name the Psychologist:
– Structuralism
– Dream analysis
Functionalism
life-span approach