Main Idea: In the 1500s and 1600s, European nations led by Spain, continued to explore, claim territory, and build settlements in America.
Spanish Conquistadors
• 1494: Catholic Spain and Portugal appeal to the Pope to resolve competing claims to the
New World
• the _________________________________________________: drew a line on the map and gave all land to the west of the line to Spain and all land east to Portugal
Ponce de Leon & Florida
• Spanish explorers called _______________________ began exploring the Caribbean,
South, and Central America after Columbus
• Their goals were “______________________________________”
• Ponce de Leon sailed with Columbus, was governor of Puerto Rico, and searched for the fabled fountain of youth
• He became the first Spanish explorer in mainland North America when he claimed
_____________________ for Spain
Cortez and the Aztec
• Cortez claimed and explored _________________________ in an attempt to find gold
• When attempting to conquer the Aztec, he was aided by the enemies of the Aztec and an ancient legend that made them believe the Spanish were messengers from the Gods
• The Aztec fell to the Spanish in 1521
Golden Cities and other Explorers
• The successful domination of the Aztec and persistent rumors of cities of gold encouraged other explorers to push into modern-day Mexico, Texas, and Florida
• Explorers like ____________________________________ and ____________________ explored as far north as Tennessee and as far west as California, but did not find the gold they wanted
• Eventually the Spanish focused on ____________________ in Mexico
• 1565: Spanish establish a colony at ___________________________________________
• It is the oldest city in the US today
Spain Builds an Empire
Social Structure
• Spanish crown appointed ______________________________ to run new colonies that were being established

• Social classes in the colonies emerged; peninsulares (those born in Spain) felt they were superior to _________________ (pureblood Spanish born in the New World)
• Under the creoles were those who mixed with Native Americans called _____________, then Spanish and African, then pure-blood Indians, and Africans
• Also key to Spanish American social structure were _____________________________ who served to convert natives to Catholicism and to teach the faithful
Land, Labor, and the Pueblo Revolt
• Spanish established the ________________________________: Spanish received grants of land from the crown and the use of labor from the people who lived on the land
• The Natives were expected to convert to Christianity and work for the new owner
• The owner was expected to treat the natives humanely, but they were routinely enslaved and worked to death on plantations called ___________________________
• 1680: Pueblo Indians revolt against the Spanish led by ______________
• He was successful in driving the Spanish out of Santa Fe, but in 1692 Spanish soldiers retook the area
Other Nations Explore
England’s Navy
• 1497: ____________________________ arrives in Newfoundland & thinks he is in Asia; claims it for England
• 1500s- England realizes it is new land and begins looking for a northwest passage to Asia
• 1577: Protestant Queen Elizabeth builds up the English navy to challenge Catholic Spain;
_____________________________________________ first to circumnavigate the globe
New France
• 1524: ____________________________________ explores from the Carolinas to Maine for France
• 1534: ____________________________________ discovers the St. Lawrence River and explores Quebec and Montreal
• 1608: _____________________________________ establishes trade in furs and fish in
Quebec
• 1666: _______________________________ explores Great Lakes region and Mississippi
River, claiming the land for France (called it Louisiana for French king Louis XIV)
New Netherland
• 1609: _________________________________ sent by the Netherlands to find the
Northwest Passage
• He discovers the Hudson River and claims land along the Atlantic coast for the Dutch

Main Idea: After several failures, the English established a permanent settlement at Jamestown,
Virginia.
The First English Colonies
Roanoke
• Queen Elizabeth allows _____________________________________ to lead an expedition the
Atlantic Coast
• He calls the land ____________________ after her (“virgin queen”)
• 1587 Raleigh and governor John White establish a colony at _________________________ and established friendly relations with Manteo
• Virginia Dare first English born in the New World
• White was forced to return to England for supplies and was delayed 3 years due to war with
Spain in returning
• 1590: White returns but all of the settlers are gone, with only ______________________ carved on a post
• They are called the ‘Lost Colony’
King James’ Charter
• Under King James I, England tries again to settle the Atlantic Coast
• Charter rights to establishing colonies were transferred from Raleigh to the _____________
______________________ & the _________________________________________ in 1606
• These were _________________________________________________: investors pooled money to fund and govern the colony and split any profits
The Jamestown Colony
First Settlers and Captain Smith
• 1606: 100 men arrive at the James River under the London Company and built Jamestown
• The location was not ideal; swampy and in the middle of the _________________________
___________________________
• The settlers succumbed to malaria and dysentery and many were gentry who refused to work
• By January 1608, only 38 men remained
• _______________________________________________ became the leader of Jamestown and imposed military discipline in the colony
• he was able to trade for food with the local tribe and had even been saved from being executed by _______________________________, the chief’s daughter
• conditions improved in the colony, but John Smith was forced to return to England after being burned in a powder accident

The Starving Time and Tobacco
• London Company sent more settlers in 1609, offering free passage to anyone willing to work for seven years
• The winter of 1609-1610 was the worst in the colony, called _________________________: many died from Indian raids and starvation
• ____________________ saves the colony by experimenting with the cultivation of tobacco
• 1613: Rolfe secures peace between Jamestown and the Algonquians by marrying Pocahontas
• 1622: relations with the natives deteriorate after Powhatan and Pocahontas die
• Settlers were taking increasing amounts of land for tobacco cultivation , triggering an attack by the Powhatans
• Many, including Rolfe, died and the crown revoked the Virginia Company’s charter, but the colony survived
Virginia Grows and Changes
The Headright System and the House of Burgesses
• 1618: Virginia Company begins offering _____________________: 50 acres of land for each family member and servant or for any one else they paid passage for
• Artisans and 100 ________________ women were also sent to make to colony more stable
• By the 1640s, there were 8,000 settlers, 16,000 by 1650
• 1619: formation of the ______________________________________: membership went to white, landholding males
• They had the power to raise taxes and make laws, but the laws could be vetoed by the governor who was appointed by the crown
• This was the first legislature in America
Colonial Workers and Conflict
• ________________________________________: majority of workers- they received passage to America and worked 4 to 7 years
• at the end of service, they received clothes as well as tools or land
• Men outnumbered women 3 to 1
• 1619: Dutch ship arrives with 20 African ________________; by the late 1600s, slavery replaced indentured servants for cheap labor
• Conflict increases between rich settlers in the east and poor settlers in the west dealing with high taxes and conflict with Natives
• Governor __________________________________________ refuses to aid settlers, hoping for good fur trading with the Natives
• ________________________________________: former indentured servants march on
Jamestown, burning the city
• the rebellion collapses when Bacon becomes ill and dies, but the House of Burgesses does open more land to settlement and slave labor increases

Main Idea: The Pilgrims founded colonies in Massachusetts based on Puritan religious ideals, while dissent led to the founding of other New England colonies.
Puritans Flee to Freedom
Puritans and Separatists
• Protestant Reformation led to establishment of the Church of England (Anglican Church)
• _____________________ felt the Anglican Church was still to Catholic, and wanted to ‘purify’ it further
• ____________________________ wanted a complete break with the Anglican Church and were persecuted in England for their beliefs
Founding Plymouth Colony
• 1608: group of Separatists move to the ______________________________ but left several years later because they did not want their children to adopt Dutch customs
• A group of merchants formed a joint-stock company and got land from the Virginia Company
• 1620: 35 Puritans and 66 other settlers left on the _________________________ under the leadership of ____________________________________________
• They were headed to the Hudson River but were blown off course and landed at Cape Cod
• While on board, the 41 men signed the ________________________________: created a government chosen by the consent of the governed and they would obey all laws made for the good of the group
• Half of the group died in the first winter, the rest survived with aid from the ______________________
________________ (especially ____________________________)
• The next year was so successful, the Pilgrims held a feast for their neighbors that we now commemorate as __________________________________
• Bradford continued to serve as governor until his death in 16578
Dissent among the Puritans
“A City upon a Hill”
• Success at Plymouth encouraged thousands of Puritans to move to _____________________________
• After getting funding from the Massachusetts Bay Company, they chose _________________________ as their leader
• They hoped to create a haven and example of Puritan living, what they called “___________________
_________________”
• 11 ships and 700 people arrived in America in 1630 and grew quickly, establishing towns in Boston,
Salem, and Concord
• The Company created the Massachusetts General Court which had the ability to elect officers and make laws
• Each town elected members to the court, which elected a council headed by Winthrop
• Success led to the ______________________________________: 20,000 English settlers arrive in New
England between 1620 and 1643
Dissent
• Puritans were not tolerant of beliefs that differed from Church cannon
• Society and government were closely linked to the church (attendance at church was mandatory, hard work was stressed)

• Dissenters either voluntarily left, or were forced to leave the colony
• Thomas Hooker- wanted government ‘chosen by all’  leaves to form ___________________________
• 1639 they write the 1 st written constitution: _______________________________________________
___________________ (gave voting rights to all free men, not just church members)
Rhode Island and New Hampshire
• ________________________________________ believed in religious tolerance (even for Jews) and wanted separation of church and state
• he also believe the colony should pay the Native Americans for the land they settled on
• He purchases land from the Narragansett Indians and forms a colony in _________________________
• _______________________________________ causes an uproar when she claims people can read and understand the Bible for themselves without the input of a minister
• She was banished and went to Rhode Island
• Her brother-in-law left Massachusetts in 1679 to found a colony in modern New Hampshire; it was a
__________________________________: under the control of the king
Witchcraft Trials in Salem
• 1692 girls in Salem Village begin acting strangely and claim they were bewitched
• Belief in witchcraft was common in the 1600s
• Hysteria gripped the colony and eventually hundreds of people were arrested and 19 were executed as witches
• Eventually the trials were condemned and remaining prisoners were set free
Life in New England
Education and Government
• Puritans wanted their children to be able to read the Bible and established the first _______________
_________________ in America
• They also established the first colleges in New England: _______________________ and ___________
• Starting in the late 1600s, colonies most colonies were converted to royal colonies under the control of the English king
• The town, with its school and meeting house, was the center of life in New England colonies
• Town government was most relevant to people’s lives
• At _________________________________ church members and land owners were allowed to vote for selectmen and delegates and speak about issues like taxes and roads
Relations with Native Americans
• As colonies expanded, they had increasing conflict with Native Americans
• As colonies became more self-sufficient, they were less likely to try to have good relations with surrounding tribes
• Many Puritans viewed Natives as ________________________ that needed to be driven out or killed
• 1637: ________________________________: Pequot in Connecticut are slaughtered by settlers and their Narragansett & Mohegan allies over trade with the Dutch
• 1675: ________________________________________________: Native Americans led by Metacomet
(or King Philip) attack colonial towns
• Over 600 on both sides died and the tribe was all but wiped out

Main Idea: Events in England during and after the English Civil War led to a new wave of colonization along the Atlantic coast south of New England.
A New Era of Colonization
Charles II and the Restoration
• In order to pay back his supporters in the Civil War, King Charles II gave land grants in the new world called ___________________________________________ (there were
4:N Pennsylvania, Carolina, New York and New Jersey)
• These colonies were not ruled by investors or colonial legislators, but by their ________
__________________________
• Son of a supporter, William Penn forms ____________________________ as a haven for Quakers and others suffering persecution
New Netherland becomes New York
• Charles gives land to his brother James, Duke of York, ignoring an existing Dutch colony
• After briefly struggling for control, England pushed out the Dutch in 1674
• New York was a very diverse colony with English, Dutch, Scandinavian, German, and
French settlers
• The Duke later gave part of his land to two proprietors who named their colony _______
_______________
• After disputes over land titles, both New York and New Jersey became royal colonies in the early 1700s
New Southern Colonies
The Carolinas
• 8 men were granted a charter that made them co-owners of Carolina (Latin for Charles)
• Settlement was slow and some of the men gave up their claims
• Eventually settlers arrived, but the Northern and Southern parts developed very differently
• The Southern part had large plantations and ports like Charles Town; the North was dominated by small farmers and had no harbor
• 1729: the proprietors sold their land to the crown and the king created two colonies:
__________________________________ and __________________________________

Georgia
• Georgia is created as a buffer zone between the Carolinas and Spanish-Florida
• ________________________________________ proposed making Georgia a colony for those thrown into debtors prison in England
• he received a charter from King George II and founded Georgia in 1732 (it became a royal colony in 1751)
• Originally the colony had strict rules about slavery, land ownership, and personal behavior, but they were gradually relaxed
Quakers Settle Pennsylvania/The Founding of Maryland
The Quakers
• The king wanted to get rid of the Quakers, who were unpopular in England
• He encouraged Quakers to migrate to Pennsylvania
• They believed in direct communication with God and had not ministers
• They believed in equality of all men and women and were ___________________
(refused to fight)
• Because of its tolerance and wide adverting, thousands came from Germany and
Scandinavia
Delaware
• 1638: small group of ___________________ immigrants settle near modern
Wilmington, DE but were overrun by the Dutch in 1655 and the English after that
• William Penn later bought land from the Duke of York to give water passage to the
Atlantic for Pennsylvania
Maryland
• George Calvert, _______________________________________ received land from the king to create a haven for Catholics that his son named __________________________
• 1649: Maryland’s colonial assembly passes the _________________________________ protecting the rights of all Christians to practice their religion