Agenda
• D-VAR
• DVC (Dynamic VAR Compensator)
• SuperVAR (Synchronous Condenser)
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
D-VAR
What are D-VAR Devices?
• Dynamic VARs… Fully integrated modular STATCOM
with proprietary 3X overload
• Instantaneously injects precise amounts of reactive
power into a network
• Can be seamlessly integrated with static shunt
devices as part of a larger solution
D-VAR mitigates wide variety of voltage and power quality related
transmission problems
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Application of D-VAR
Transmission Problems That D-VAR Can Solve:
• Voltage
Stability / Voltage Collapse
• Steady
State Voltage Regulation - Wind farms, radial lines, etc...
• Import/
Transfer Capability Restrictions - Limited ability to
- Uncontrolled rapid decline
in system voltage
reliably import, export, or
transfer power
• Mitigate
voltage flicker/ power quality - Wind farms, industrial
facilities
GE / AMSC performs full system analysis jointly with the customer to
determine the least cost, best available solution
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Just the FACTS… DVAR
 High power, air cooled, inverters (STATCOM)
 No environmental permits required
 Lowest cost
 Quickest installation
 Easily located in
distribution substations
 No need for operator
control
 24 X 7 remote
monitoring by AMSC
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
DVAR Basics….
Proprietary Power Electronics
Technology
Each D-VAR system has
continuous reactive power…
with temporary overload
capability up to 3 times its
continuous rating. Each
phase is individually
controlled.
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Typical Inverter Module
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Stacked Inverter Array
Proprietary fault-tolerant array design provides additional reliability
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
D-VAR Injection Capability
Rated MVA Current
3.0 p.u.
Reactive
Power
Overload reactive current
1.0 p.u.
Continuous reactive current
0
1.0
2.0
8
0
Proprietary technology provides combination of continuous
dynamic VARs with additional overload boost
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
American Superconductor field experience:
34 Statcoms leads the industry.
Date
Commissioned
Customer
Location
Number
of Units
Product
Model
Application
June, 2000
Wisconsin Public
Service
Northern WI, - USA
6
Statcom
D-VAR
w/SMES Transmission Loop Voltage Stability
July, 2000
Alliant Energy
Reedsburg, WI - USA
1
Statcom
D-VAR
w/SMES Transmission Voltage Stability
May, 2001
Entergy
Houston, Texas - USA
2
Statcom
D-VAR
w/SMES Transmission Voltage Stability
May, 2002
TVA
1
Statcom
D-VAR Transmission Voltage Stability
1
Statcom
D-VAR Windfarm Voltage Regulation
1
Statcom
D-VAR Transmission Line Voltage Support
September, 2002
PacifiCorp
November, 2002
BC Hydro
Mississippi - USA
Foote Creek, Wyoming USA
Ft. St. James, British
Columbia - Canada
June, 2003
Rayburn Coop
Dallas, Texas - USA
2
Statcom
D-VAR Transmission Voltage Stability
June, 2003
Northeast Utilities
Connecticut, - USA
3
Statcom
Increasing Power Transfer Capability
D-VAR and mitigation of voltage stability problems
August, 2003
Illinois Power
Carlinville, IL - USA
1
Statcom
D-VAR Transmission Voltage Stability
November, 2003
Navitas Wind
Development
Mendota Hills, IL - USA
1
Statcom
D-VAR Windfarm Voltage Regulation
Scottish &
Southern Energy
Orkney Island, Scotland UK
1
Statcom
Transmission Voltage Stability and
D-VAR Wind Farm Integration
1
Statcom
D-VAR Transmission Voltage Stability
1
Statcom
D-VAR Windfarm Voltage Regulation
October, 2004
LIPA / Keyspan
Long Island, NY - USA
Vestas / Vision
Pincher Creek, Alberta,
Quest
Canada
Major North
American
Semiconductor
Manufacturer
Pacific Northwest - USA
4
Statcom
February, 2005
Cielo Wind Power Tucumcari, NM
2
Statcom
June, 2004
June, 2004
June, 2004
April, 2005
Michigan
2
Statcom
D-VAR
Transmission Voltage Stability
North America
2
Statcom
D-VAR
Windfarm Voltage Regulation
July, 2005
Sask Power
Renewable
Energy Systems
(RES)
North America
1
Statcom
D-VAR
August, 2005
HRD / EnXco
North America
1
Statcom
D-VAR
Windfarm Voltage Regulation
Wind farm voltage regulation and
Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)
Total Number of Statcoms:
34
May, 2005
ITC
Voltage Sag Protection - Semiconductor
PQ-IVR Manufacturing Facility
Wind farm voltage regulation and
D-VAR Low Voltage Ride-Through (LVRT)
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Field Operating Experience Summary
Key Facts:
• Over 530,000 Operating Hours ~ > 60 years
• Over 6200 stability/voltage sag responses recorded
• Number of inverters modules in the field: 840 as of 1
Feb ‘05
• Six dedicated voltage regulating D-VARs averaging
249 active regulating hours per month
• Proven high availability
• Last 36 months entire fleet: 99.4%
• Last 12 months entire fleet: 99.7%
American Superconductor D-VAR Systems have unmatched experience and field
performance
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
D-VAR Annual Preventive Maintenance
Overall General Condition
Check: Annual - Lights,
exterior condition, air intake
& exhaust passages,
exhaust fans, fire
extinguishers
Output Breaker Cabinet:
Annual connections
check/torque
Inverters: Seasonal filter
clean/replace, general condition
check, Winterize louvers, fans,
check heater operations.
MIU: Annual General
condition check, UPS Battery
check/test/replace,
Easy to maintain… 24 X 7 performance monitoring by AMSC
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
DVAR Application Examples
• Keyspan/LIPA: Avoiding Voltage Collapse
• NE Utilities: Increased Transfer Capability
• Caprock wind: Wind Farm LVRT &
Regulation
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
East End of
Long Island
Southold
Orient Point
Generating
Peconic
Areas of Voltage Collapse Concerns
Mattituck
Tuthill
Riverhead
Bridgehampton
Amagansett
East Hampton
Southampton
Buell
Tiana
Double Circuit 69kV fault
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Installation Site
Hero
Example of Study Area Voltage Collapse
1.00 p.u.
0.90 p.u.
0.80 p.u.
“East of Southamption” Fault and Clearing Event with Reclosing Attempt
Reclosing Attempt
Buell 69kV Bus Voltage
Bridgehampton 69kV Bus Voltage
Hero 23kV Bus Voltage
0.70 p.u.
0.60 p.u.
CASE DISCRIPTION
Load = LI(2500MW) – EE(133MW) – SF(92MW)
No East End Generation
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Proposed Solution for the East End Voltage
Issues
8 MVA D-VAR Installed at Bridgehampton
Easthampton
69 kV
To Bridgehampton
To Buell
Load
13.8 kV
Load
To East Hampton Diesels
13.8 kV
VT
8 MVA
D-VAR
480-13800 V
Padmount
Transformers
VT
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Inputs to DVAR
for Voltage Control
Voltage Response with D-VAR Installed
1.00 p.u.
0.90 p.u.
Bus Voltages:
Bridgehampton
Buell
Hero
0.80 p.u.
0.70 p.u.
23.4 MVAR
0.90 p.u. Voltage
2.0 Seconds After Fault.
Voltage Response Meets
Recovery Criteria.
CASE DISCRIPTION
Load = LI(2500MW) – EE(133MW) – SF(92MW)
No East End Generation
0.60 p.u.
D-VAR Output
“East of Southamption” Fault and
Clearing Event with Reclosing Attempt
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Northeast Utilities
D-VAR Based Transmission Solution
for Transfer Capability Improvement
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Northeast Utilities – Power Transfer Increase
Southwest Connecticut's Danbury Area
Southwest
Connecticut
Frost
Bridge
Long
Mountain
Carmel
Hill
G
Rocky
River
West
Brookfield
Danbury
Area
Shepaug
G
Bates
Rock
Stony Hill
G
Critical
Outage
345 kV
115 kV
Hydro Generator
Substation
• 345 kV and 115 kV transmission
system
• 13.8 kV distribution system
• Highly compensated with capacitors
• 235 MW Danbury Area
• 3600 MW SW Connecticut
Plumtree
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Northeast Utilities Danbury Area
Loadflow Problem Results
1.040
Danbury Area 115 kV Substation
Voltages
• For outage of the Long
Mountain-Plumtree 345
kV line, imports into the
area are almost 2,300
MW before area voltages
collapse.
• Transfers into the area
are curtailed when
predicted contingency
transmission voltages fall
below 95%.
1.030
1.020
1.010
Per Unit Voltages
1.000
0.990
0.980
0.970
0.960
0.950
0.940
0.930
0.920
0.910
0.900
2100
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
SW Connecticut Imports
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Northeast Utilities Danbury Area
D-VAR Systems Solution
DVAR Dynamic Range = -55 to +130 MVAR • Install three D-VAR systems
Frost
Bridge
Long
Mountain
Carmel
Hill
G
Rocky
River
West
Brookfield
– one 8 MVAR distribution
– two 37.8 MVAR transmission
banks
Shepaug
G
• Reasons for purchase:
Bates
Rock
Stony Hill
G
Plumtree
(rated at 8 MVAR each) at two
existing distribution substations
and D-VAR system controlled
capacitor banks
345 kV
115 kV
Hydro Generator
Substation
Trans. Capacitor
Distrib. Capacitor
D-VAR
TM
– low profile, no substation site
expansion was necessary
– low cost
– flexibility / relocatable
– installation time (<6 months)
– summer ‘03 payback due to
increased import capability
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Northeast Utilities Danbury Area
Comparison of Loadflow Results
Per Unit Voltages
Solution
Problem
SW Connecticut Imports
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Caprock Wind Farm
D-VAR Based Transmission Solution
for steady-state voltage regulation
and transient voltage support
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Area One-Line Diagram
Wind
Farm
Site
Utility
Interconnection
Point
60 Miles
Xcel Transmission
New Mexico
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Utility Substations
Transmission Lines
D-VAR™ Solution’s Dynamic Voltage Support
Provides a total of -48 MVAR/+84 MVAR
600V
34.5 kV
26 MW
97%
Lagging PF
T1
60/90 MVA
with LTC
9 X 3.6 MVAR
26 units
115 kV
VTs
Utility
Interconnection
Point
The dynamic MVARs are sized to
prevent the wind farm from
tripping off-line for the faults that
the utility specified.
34.5 kV UDG
collector
system
600V
Joslyn
VBM
Switch
28 MW
97%
Lagging PF
28 units
4x2500 KVA
34500-480V
padmount
transformers
8/24 MVAR
D-VAR
D-VARs
.
Dynamic 2 x 8 x 3 = 48 MVAR
8/24 MVAR
D-VAR
600V
26 MW
97%
Lagging PF
26 units
1200 Amp
Breaker
Joslyn
VBU
Switch
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Dynamic Capacitor Banks
2 x 18 MVAR = 36 MVAR
Summary of large DVAR Applications
•
•
•
•
DVAR Application
DVAR system output range
Rayburn Coop
NE Utilities
Caprock wind farm
NW Semiconductor
-36 to +86 MVAR
-55 to +130 MVAR
-48 to +84 MVAR
-168 to +168 MVAR
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
American Superconductor
Dynamic Var Compensator
DVCTM
AMSC’s large single site solution is called a Dynamic VAR Compensator
or DVCTM.
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
DVCTM Solution Advantages
• Hybrid Statcom / SVC
• Exceeds performance of conventional
SVC technology
• Builds off of widely successful D-VARTM
statcom platform and proven compenents
• Modular components - easily expandable
• 20 - 30% less cost than equivalent SVC
solutions
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
SVC basic building blocks
HV
SVC Transformer
• Sized for max VAR output
• Can have overload rating as well
• Specialty unit due to high V secondary
Optional MSCs
MV (12-20 kV)
TCR
TSC
TSC
TSC
Harmonic Filter Caps
• 5th & 7th harmonics
• Always “on”
• 10-30 MVAR each
TCR - Thyristor Controlled Reactor
• Provides infinite control of reactor VARs from 0-100%
• “On” all the time but VAR output changing per system
needs
• Sized to provide max lagging VARs (Reactor-filter
caps = max)
TSC - Thyristor Switched Capacitors
• “On“ only as needed to provide leading VARs
• Fast switching in 1-2 cycles with Thyristor switch
• 25-100 MVAR -same or different sizes to allow
smaller VAR steps
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Example DVC Solution
High Voltage
67.5/112.5 MVA
HV-34.5 kV
Transformer
55 MVAR
Each
-35 to +210 MVAR of
dynamic reactive
compensation!
2000 A
breaker
34.5 kV
2000 A
breaker
1200 A
breaker
4x2000
KVA
Inrush
Suppression
Reactors
25 MVAR
25 MVAR
25 MVAR
25 MVAR
20 MVAR
Shunt reactor
8MVA
D-VAR
8MVA
D-VAR
Statcom D-VAR
modules with 3X
overload rating
System Component
Capacitors used as VAR source
Reactors used as VAR source
Proprietary D-VAR STATCOM modules provide
dynamic current source leading & lagging VARs
1 cycle switched capacitors with thyristors
1.5 cycle switched capacitors with VBU
1 cycle switched reactors with thyristors
1.5 cycle switched reactors with VBU
Full interrupting capacity breaker
Joslyn VBU switch (1.5-2 cycle T&C)
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
DVC
X
X
SVC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
DVC Operation
1) STATCOM responds to any voltage
deviation outside preset levels (use overload
ratings as needed)
2) Primary Capacitors quickly switch in
response to large voltage deviations
3) Secondary Capacitors switch to bring
STACOM output within continuous rated
output (below overload levels) as needed.
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Capacitor and reactor switching using Joslyn VBU
modified to include AMSC control board
Close Timing
From solenoid energization to contact touch: 20 - 28 ms max.
Trip Timing
From solenoid energization to contact part: 17 ms max.
From contact part to full open: 7 ms max.
Low Maintenance
10,000 operation between inspections
Proven Performance
Over 500 three phase units installed during past 40 years
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
SaskPower
DVC solution provides
steady-state voltage regulation
and transient voltage stability support
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Saskatchewan Power’s Rush Lake Wind Farm One-Line Diagram
Critical Bus for Post Fault
Voltage Requirement
Substation Transformer
100 MVA Base, 10% Z
10% LTC
Point of
Common
Coupling
Critical Outage
230 kV Transmission Bus
34.5kV Main Collection Bus
Rush Lake Solution Requirements:
Collection Feeders
To 150 MW of
Wind turbines
• Regulate voltage at 230 kV transmission bus PCC
• Install sufficient reactive capability to meet 95% lagging
to 90% leading PF at PCC
• Prevent tripping of wind farm turbines for worst fault
• Prevent 138 kV bus from dropping below 0.70 pu
voltageMust
fornot
worst
fault or
(MAPP
Criteria)
Proprietary & Confidential Information.
be duplicated
distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Saskatchewan Power’s Rush Lake Wind Farm
DVCTM Dynamic Reactive Compensation Solution
Critical Bus for Post Fault
Voltage Requirement
Substation Transformer
100 MVA Base, 10% Z
10% LTC
Point of
Common
Coupling
Critical Outage
230 kV Transmission Bus
34.5kV Main Collection Bus
D-VAR
Collection Feeders
To 150 MW of
Wind turbines
D-VAR
16/48 MVAR
DVAR Statcom
2X25 MVAR Cap Bank 8 X 13.2 MVAR Cap Banks
(Transient Use Only)
(Steady State Regulation)
DVC System
Total
Short-term
Capability
Proprietary
& Confidential
Information.
Must not Dynamic
be duplicated VAR
or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
= -48 to +98 MVAR
Critical Transmission
Bus Voltage
With Solution
Cap #1 Out
Cap #2 Out
Cap #2 In
Cap #1 In
0.70 p.u. Minimum Voltage Target
Critical Transmission
Bus Voltage
Without Solution
Proprietary
& Confidential
Information.
Must nottransmission
be duplicated or distributed
With
DVC solution,
critical
voltage
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
remains above target
DVC Solution Advantages
• Hybrid STATCOM / SVC
• Exceeds performance of conventional
SVC technology
• Builds off of widely successful D-VAR
STATCOM platform
• Modular components - easily expandable
• 20 - 30% less cost than equivalent SVC
solutions
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
STATCOM Vs SVC Performance At
Reduced Voltages
STATCOM is a Current Controlling Device
Q = I*V
Reactive Power is linearly dependent on Voltage
SVC is a Impedance Controlling Device
Q = V2/X
Reactive Power is dependent on the square of the Voltage
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
80/200 MVAR STATCOM Capacitive Output Vs. Bus
Voltage As Compared to 200 MVAR SVC
200 MVAR @ 1.00 p.u.
1.00 p.u.
D-VAR Peak Output
Capability
SVC Peak Output Capability
.80 p.u.
69kV Bus Voltage
160 MVAR @ .80 p.u.
128 MVAR @ .80 p.u.
.60 p.u.
120 MVAR @ .60 p.u.
72 MVAR @ .60 p.u.
.40 p.u.
80 MVAR @ .40 p.u.
32 MVAR @ .40 p.u.
.20 p.u.
40 MVAR @ .20 p.u.
8 MVAR @ .20 p.u.
50 MVAR
100 MVAR
150 MVAR
200 MVAR
D-VAR Capacitive Output
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Performance Comparison
DVC vs. SVC
Alternate DVC
Solution
SVC Solution
DVC outperforms conventional SVC technology!!
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
SuperVARTM Dynamic Synchronous
Condenser
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
TM
SuperVar
SuperVAR – rotating machines
platform
– World’s first commercial product
based on HTS technology
– TVA launch customer – ordered
first five production units
Cooler
module
Back iron
Stator coils
EM shield / Vacuum shell
Torque tube
Shaft
– Delivered advanced prototype to
TVA in August 2004 for final grid
testing
Compressors
Brushless exciter
Vacuum chamber
– Successfully tested on the Ohio
power grid
Support structure
Conduction
cooling tube
Field coils
– Supplements D-VAR Solutions
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
8 MVAR SuperVARTM Condenser Cut
Away
Refrigeration
Systems
Auxiliary
Drive Motor
480V Service
Exciter
Stator and HTS Rotor
25 feet
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
SuperVARTM Condenser Performance
Features
• Fast reacting dynamic voltage and stability support
(leading and lagging VARs) at a multiple of the machine
rating
– +/-12 MVAR Continuous
– Up to 2x continuous rating for 2 minutes
– Fast exciter
• Increases local fault power by 80 MVA due to low
sub-synchronous reactance
• Very low maintenance and operating costs
• Connects direct to MV bus at 1.5 -13.8 kV
• Simplified installation using compact container
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Power Quality Problems - Motor Starting
Existing Utility and
Customer System
Customer
Substation
69-12.5 kV
Substation
4160V
1200 HP
Dredge Motor
1000 HP
Booster #1 Motor
12.5 kV
Vista
M
M
600 HP
Backwash Motor
M
1000 HP
Booster#2 Motor
M
4.5 MVA
N.O.
Other customer loads
Riley
4160V
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
12.5 kV
69 kV
Voltage Sags on 12.47 kV Bus due to Motor
Starting on Existing System
21st 12-4; Herzog Maint. BLDG
Dredge
Booster#1
Backwash
Booster#2
289.57
289.57
267.48
267.48
VA MIN(Volts)
245.39
245.39
223.30
223.30
201.21
201.21
05/20/01 - 16:29:29 05/20/01 - 16:40:02 05/20/01 - 16:50:36 05/20/01 - 17:01:10 05/20/01 - 17:11:44
Time
Motor starting is causing very noticeable and objectionable voltage sags
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
VB MIN(Volts)
13%
Power Quality Problems - Motor Starting
Add SuperVARTM Solution
Customer
Substation
69-12.5 kV
Substation
4160V
1200 HP
Dredge Motor
1000 HP
Booster #1 Motor
12.5 kV
Vista
M
M
600 HP
Backwash Motor
M
1000 HP
Booster#2 Motor
M
4.5 MVA
N.O.
Other customer loads
Riley
4160V
12.5 kV
69 kV
S
12 MVA SuperVAR
Device
SuperVARTM Condenser solution is even better without a 13.8-12.5 kV transformer
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Output in MVAR Bus Voltage in kV Bus Voltage in kV
SuperVARTM Condenser Applied to Motor
Starting Problem
Motor #1
Motor #2
Motor #3
Motor #4
Bus Voltage Without SuperVARTM Condenser
Time (Seconds)
Bus Voltage With SuperVARTM Condenser
Time (Seconds)
SuperVARTM MVAR Output
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Time (Seconds)
Summary of benefits of
SuperVARTM Solutions
• Eliminates voltage sags from large motor
starting events
• Increases local fault MVA and adds inertia
to system
• Mitigates transient voltage problems
including voltage flicker
• Solves steady state voltage regulation
problems
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Detailed Load Modeling
Proper Load Modeling for Voltage Studies
56
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Typical Loadflow Base Case
Sub C
Sub B
138 kV
Load represented on the
transmission bus, typically
as constant MVA.
Sub A
22
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Necessary Detail That Need to be Added to
the Loadflow Base Case
Sub C
Detailed Loadflow
Sub B
Sub-Transmission
System
Small and Large Motors
Discharge Lighting
XFMR Exciting I
Constant Power
Remaining
Sub 1
138 kV
Sub B
Sub A
115 kV
13 kV
46 kV
Sub 2
13 kV
The transmission flows
and voltages between
the loadflows should
not change.
Dist. Transformer
and Dist. Line Z
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Sub 3
Distribution
Capacitor
Banks
23
Detailed Load Modeling
Why go through all of this work to
model the load?
56
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
You Can’t Determine Your Risk Without It!
Voltage In Per Unit
These are voltage
responses using
ZIP load models,
for 138 kV and 12
kV buses after a
fault.
Time In Seconds
57
Proprietary & Confidential Information. Must not be duplicated or distributed
without prior express written permission by American Superconductor
Voltage In Per Unit
Compare ZIP Models and Detailed Models!
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Time In Seconds
58
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without prior express written permission by American Superconductor