Unit 1
Life On A Cellular Level
Important Cellular Biologists and
Their Discoveries
• Robert Hooke  first person to see cells in cork;
named a cell a cell
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek  developed the first
light microscope; observed microorganisms in
pond water
• Mathias Schleidan  stated that plants are
made up of cells
• Theodor Schwann  stated that animals are
made up of cells
• Rudolph Virchow  all cells come from other
cells (life comes from life)
• Robert Brown  first to see a “dark spot” now
called a nucleus
Cell Theory
• 1) All organisms are composed of one
or more cells.
– An organism may be a single cell, such as an
Amoeba or a bacterium. Larger organisms,
such as humans, are composed of many
cells.
• 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure
and function in organisms.
– In the same way that the basic unit of matter
is the atom, the basic unit of life is the cell.
• 3) All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
Two types of cells: Prokaryotic
1) Prokaryotes (before
nucleus)
– Cells that do not
have a nucleus
– Carry out all life
processes without a
nucleus
– Have Cell Wall!!!
– Simple cells
(unicellular) and are
smaller than
eukaryotes
– Genetic material in
Cytoplasm
– 2 billion years older
than euk.
– Ex. Kingdom Monera
Eukaryotic Cells (animal cells)
2) Eukaryotes (have
nucleus)
 Cells that do have a
nucleus
 More complex than
prokaryotes
 10 times larger than prok.
 Unicellular and
multicellular
 Genetic material in
nucleus
 Ex. all other kingdoms 
fungi, protozoa, plants,
Them
vs. Us –Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
CELL CONCEPT MAP
Procaryote and eucaryote- 2 types
What do you know about the cells?
Cel wall
(plant cell)
CELL
Consists of
Cell membrane
Made up from
cellulose, porous to
micro- and
macromolecules like
sugar and starch
The fluid mosaic
hypothesis- the
bilayer of
phospholipid
molecules with
protein molecules in
it / over the surface
Microbodies contained in the cytoplasm,
carrying out specific functions for the cell
activities
Basic unit of life. All organisms consists
of cell
Protoplasm
Vacuole
(plant cell )
of two parts
Cytoplasm
contains
Nucleus
Consists of
Cell
organelles
Nucleoplasma
Contains water,
nutrients,
mineral salts,
waste
(nitrogenous)
substances
Nuclear
membrane
contains
Mitocondrion
Generates
energy for
the cell
Chloroplast
(in green plant)
Ribosome
The site for
protein synthesis
Grana
Contains
chlorophyll
Fluid medium,
Chromatin
(containing
substances /
nucleotides and
chromosomes
enzymes)
Processing and
Stroma
Consists of
packaging
proteins/
Contains Rough ER Smooth ER other molecules to
DNA
Protein
enzymes
With
No
form cell secretions
(histone)
ribosomes
ribosomes
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
Body
Cell Parts and Functions
Cell Membrane
Protects the cell
Lets things in and out of the
cell
Location: around the cell
Nucleus
Control center
Location: inside the cell,
near the center
Cell Parts and Functions
Nucleolus (Nucleoli)
Makes ribosomes
Location: inside the nucleus
(dark spot)
Nuclear Membrane
Protects nucleus
Lets things in/out of nucleus (pores)
Location: around nucleus
cell
Cell Parts and Functions
Mitochondria
Makes energy/powerhouse
Location: in cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Packages and secretes
(gets rid of) waste
Location: in cytoplasm
Mitochondria
GOLGI APPARATUS
Cell Parts and Functions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
Transports materials and sends messages to all
parts of the cell
Two types: smooth and rough (has ribosomes)
Location: attaches from cell membrane to nuclear
membrane
Rough E.R.
Cell Parts and Functions
Ribosome
Makes proteins
Location: in cytoplasm or
Attached to E.R.
Vacuole
Stores food and water
Location: in cytoplasm
Vacuole
Cell Parts and Functions
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes
Destroys bacteria, old cell parts…
Location: in cytoplasm
Centrioles
Helps the cell to divide
Location: in cytoplasm
Cell Parts and Functions
Cytoplasm
Gel-like substances, holds all
Organelles in cell
Location: in cell
Chromatin/Chromosomes
Contains genetic information/traits
Location: in nucleus
Cell Parts and Functions
Cilia
Short hair-like projections
Used for movement
Location: outside of cell
Flagella
Long whip-like tail
Used for movement
Location: outside of cell
FLAGELLA
Cell Structures and Functions
Chloroplast
Traps suns energy
and
Makes food
Location: in plant cells
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Protects and supports plant
Cells
Prevents water loss
Cellulose
Location: outer layer of plant
cells
CYTOSKELETON
Function: Support structure of cell and
transport materials/organelles throughout
the cell.
The highway of the cell.
Made of Microtubules (thin hollow
cylinders) and Microfilaments (thin solid
cylinders)
Location: Inside the cell
CYTOSKELETON
Cell Structures and Functions
Plastids
Stores extra food in
Plant cells
Location: in plant cell
Plant vs. Animal Cell
http://www.cellsalive.com/
Levels of Organization
• Organs – many tissues
• In a multicellular
make up an organ
organism: cell,
tissues, organs, organ
– Each tissue has a
system, that make up
specific function to
an organism
help an organ work
• Tissue – main types
of tissue
– 1) muscle
– 2) epithelial
– 3) nerve
– 4) connective
• Organ System –
– 10 organ system in
the human body
– Each level makes
the division of labor
among those cells
possible for life of
multicellular
organisms
A.DNA
B.Enzymes
C.Lysosomes
D.Ribosomes
A.Lysosomes
B.Mitochondria
C.Golgi bodies
D.Centrioles
A.Mitochondrion
B.Ribosome
C.Lysosome
D.Golgi body