Women and
Public Life
American History
Unit II – Becoming a World Power
Chapter 6 Section 2- Women and Public Life
Women and Public Life
The Main Idea
Women during the Progressive Era actively campaigned for reforms in
education, children’s welfare, temperance, and suffrage.
Reading Focus
• What opportunities did women have for education and work outside
the home during the late 1800s?
• How did women gain political experience through participation in
reform movements?
• How did the women’s suffrage movement campaign for the vote?
Opportunities for Women
• By the late 1800s, more educational opportunities arose as
colleges, such as Oberlin College in Ohio, started enrolling women.
• By 1870 about 20 percent of all college students were women, and
by 1900 that number increased by a third.
• Most of the women who attended college at this time were from
the upper or middle classes and wanted to use their skills after
graduation.
• A few African American women, such as Alberta Virginia Scott and
Otelia Cromwell, also attended colleges, but this was more rare.
• However, many employment opportunities were still denied to
women, as organizations such as the American Medical Association
didn’t admit women until many years later.
• Denied access to their professions, many women poured their
knowledge and skills into the reform movement, gaining valuable
political experience as they fought for change.
Employment Opportunities
• Job opportunities for educated middle-class women grew in the 1800s.
• By the late 1800s, these opportunities in public life changed how
women saw the world and the role they wanted in their communities.
• Some new workplace opportunities for women included
Women worked as
Newspapers and
Working-class and
teachers and nurses in
magazines began to
uneducated women
the traditional “caring
hire more women
took industry jobs
professions,” but they
as journalists and
that paid less than
also entered the
artists, trying to
men, as employers
business world as
cater to the new
bookkeepers, typists,
consumer group
assumed women
secretaries, and shop
formed by educated
clerks.
women.
were being
supported by their
fathers.
Gaining Political Experience
• As in earlier reform periods, women became the backbone of many
of the Progressive Era reform movements.
• Women learned how to organize, how to persuade people, and how
to publicize their causes.
• Reform also taught women that they had the power to improve life
for themselves, their families, and their communities.
• Some women campaigned for children’s rights, seeking to end child
labor, improve children’s health, and promote education.
– Lillian Wald, founder of the Henry Street Settlement in New
York City, believed the federal government had a responsibility to
tend to the well-being of children.
– She campaigned tirelessly for the creation of a federal agency
to meet that goal.
– She was successful when the Federal Children’s Bureau opened
in 1912.
Prohibition
•
Progressive women also fought in the Prohibition movement, which
called for a ban on making, selling, and distributing alcoholic beverages.
•
Reformers thought alcohol was responsible for crime, poverty, and
violence.
•
Two major national organizations led the crusade against alcohol.
– The Anti-Saloon League
– The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), headed by
Frances Willard, which was a powerful force for both temperance and
women’s rights
•
Evangelists like Billy Sunday and Carry Nation preached against alcohol,
and Nation smashed up saloons with a hatchet while holding a Bible.
Congress eventually proposed the Eighteenth Amendment in
1917, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and distribution of
alcohol. It was ratified in 1919, but was so unpopular that it was
repealed in 1933.
Women’s Christian
Temperance Union
WCTU
 founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1874.
 Temperance may be defined as:
moderation in all things healthful;
total abstinence from all things
harmful
 The main objective of the WCTU was
to persuade all states to prohibit the
sale of alcoholic beverages.
 It supported temperance education in
schools, as well as, prison reform,
women’s suffrage and the abolition of
prostitution.
 The WCTU's programs also promote
good citizenship, child welfare, world
peace, child abuse and equal justice
for women and minority groups.
Carrie Nation
•
Standing at nearly 6 feet tall and weighing
180 pounds, Carry Amelia Moore Nation,
Carrie Nation, as she came to be known, cut
an imposing figure.
•
Wielding a hatchet, she was downright
frightful. In 1900, the target of Nation's wrath
was alcoholic drink.
•
Nation, who described herself as "a bulldog
running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at
what he doesn't like," felt divinely ordained
to forcefully promote temperance.
•
A brief marriage to an alcoholic in the late
1800's fueled Nation's disdain for alcohol.
Kiowa, Kansas was the setting of Nation's
first outburst of destruction in the name of
temperance in 1900.
•
Between 1900 and 1910 she was arrested some
30 times after leading her followers in the
destruction of one water hole after another
with cries of "Smash, ladies, smash!"
Civil Rights
•
African American women fought for many reforms, but with the
added burden of discrimination, as many weren’t even welcome
in certain reform groups.
•
African American women formed their own reform group, the
National Association of Colored Women (NACW), in 1896.
•
Some of the most prominent African American women of the time
joined, including
Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Margaret Murray Washington, of
the Tuskegee Institute
Harriet Tubman, the famous Underground Railroad conductor
•
By 1914 the organization had more than 100,000 members
campaigning against poverty, segregation, lynching, the Jim
Crow laws, and eventually for temperance and women’s suffrage.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
 Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi in 1862.
 Died in Chicago, Illinois 1931 at the age of sixtynine.
 She had been a slave and after the death of her
parents to Yellow Fever she was left to raise her
brothers and sisters. She turned to teaching.
 Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a fearless anti-lynching
crusader, suffragist, women's rights advocate,
journalist, and speaker. She stands as one of our
nation's most uncompromising leaders and most
ardent defenders of democracy.
 When a respected black store owner and friend of
Barnett was lynched in 1892, Wells used her paper
to attack the evils of lynching and encouraged the
black townsmen of Memphis to go west.
Before Rosa Parks
In a famous incident , Ida defied the “Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) supreme
court case.
It was in Memphis where she first began to fight (literally) for racial and
gender justice. In 1884 she was asked by the conductor of the Chesapeake &
Ohio Railroad Company to give up her seat on the train to a white man and
ordered her into the smoking or "Jim Crow" car, which was already crowded
with other passengers.
“I refused, saying that the forward car [closest to the locomotive] was a
smoker, and as I was in the ladies' car, I proposed to stay. . . [The conductor]
tried to drag me out of the seat, but the moment he caught hold of my arm I
fastened my teeth in the back of his hand. I had braced my feet against the seat
in front and was holding to the back, and as he had already been badly bitten he
didn't try it again by himself. He went forward and got the baggageman and
another man to help him and of course they succeeded in dragging me out. “
Wells was forcefully removed from the train and the other passengers--all
whites--applauded. When Wells returned to Memphis, she immediately hired an
attorney to sue the railroad. She won her case in the local circuit courts, but the
railroad company appealed to the Supreme Court of Tennessee, and it reversed
the lower court's ruling.
Rise of the Women’s Suffrage
Movement
• After the Civil War, suffragists, who had supported abolition, called for
granting women the vote but were told that they should wait.
• Many were angered that the Fifteenth Amendment granted voting rights
to African American men but not to women.
• Women organized into two major suffragist groups:
NWSA
• National Woman Suffrage Association,
founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
and Susan B. Anthony.
• Campaigned for a constitutional
amendment letting women vote
• Dealt with other women’s issues like
labor reform and supported Victoria
Woodhull, the first woman presidential
candidate
AWSA
• American Woman Suffrage
Association, with Henry Ward
Beecher as President
• Focused solely on winning the vote
state-by-state and aligned itself
with the Republican Party
• Women began to see success in the West, as in 1869 the Wyoming
Territory granted women the vote, followed by the Utah Territory a year
later and five more western states not long after.
Anti-Suffrage Arguments
Social
Economic
• Some believed women were too frail
to handle the turmoil of polling places
on Election Day.
• The liquor industry feared that
giving the women the vote would
lead to Prohibition.
• Some believed voting would interfere
with a woman’s duties at home or
destroy families.
• As women became active in other
reform movements, such as food
and drug safety and child labor,
business owners feared women
would vote for regulations that
would drive up costs.
• Some claimed that women did not
have the education or experience to
be competent voters.
• Others believed that most women did
not want to vote, and that it was
unfair for suffragists to force the vote
on unwilling women.
Religious
• Churches and clergy members
preached that marriage was a
sacred bond and the entire family
was represented by the husband’s
vote.
Susan B. Anthony Tests the Law
•
Susan B. Anthony wrote pamphlets, made speeches, and testified
before every Congress from 1869 to 1906 in support of women’s
rights.
•
In 1872 she and three of her sisters registered to vote, voted for
a congressional representative in Rochester, New York, and were
arrested two weeks later.
•
Before her trial, Anthony spoke passionately about women’s
voting rights, but the judge refused to let her testify on her own
behalf and fined her $100.
•
Anthony didn’t pay the fine, hoping to be arrested so she could
be tried through the courts, but the judge did not imprison her.
•
In 1873 the Supreme Court ruled that even though women were
citizens, that did not automatically grant them voting rights, but
that it was up to the states to grant or withhold that right.
Women’s Suffrage Movement – 3:17 min.
Two Suffrage Organizations Merge
•
In 1890 the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American
Woman Suffrage Association merged to form the National American
Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).
•
NAWSA operated under the leadership of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and
Susan B. Anthony was its President from 1892–1900.
•
Anthony died in 1906, and her final words were “Failure is
impossible.”
•
Like Susan B. Anthony, most of the early suffragists did not live long
enough to cast their ballots.
•
When women nationwide finally won the vote in 1920, only one
signer of the Seneca Falls Declaration—the document written at the
first Women’s Rights Convention in 1848—was still alive.
– Her name was Charlotte Woodward, and she was a glove maker.
Women – 2:12 min.
Suffrage – 2:49 min.
WHY WOMEN SHOULD VOTE
• This is the story of
our Grandmothers
and Greatgrandmothers;
they lived only 90
years ago.
• Remember, it was
not until 1920 that
women were
granted the right
to go to the polls
and vote.
The women were innocent and defenseless,
but they were jailed nonetheless for picketing
the White House, carrying signs asking for the
vote.
And by the end of the night, they were barely alive. Forty prison
guards wielding clubs and their warden's blessing went on a
rampage against the 33 women wrongly convicted of
'obstructing sidewalk traffic.' They beat Lucy Burns, chained her
hands to the cell bars above her head and left her hanging for
the night, bleeding and gasping for air.
They hurled Dora Lewis into a dark cell, smashed her
head against an iron bed and knocked her out cold. Her cellmate,
Alice Cosu, thought Lewis was dead and suffered a heart attack.
Additional affidavits describe the guards grabbing, dragging,
beating, choking, slamming, pinching, twisting and kicking the
women.
Thus unfolded the 'Night of Terror' on Nov. 15, 1917,
when the warden at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia ordered his
guards to teach a lesson to the suffragists imprisoned there because
they dared to picket Woodrow Wilson's White House for the right to
vote. For weeks, the women's only water came from an open pail.
Their food--all of it colorless slop--was infested with worms.
When one of the leaders, Alice Paul, embarked on a hunger strike,
they tied her to a chair, forced a tube down her throat and poured
liquid into her until she vomited She was tortured like this for weeks
until word was smuggled out to the press.