Child Protection Workshop Presented By: Roger Wingfield Vice President Brokerforce Insurance Inc. Of Snakes Doves & Millstones Reducing the Risk of Child Abuse in Church Ministries Be “as wise” as serpents……………Matt 10:16 Eyesight Snake vision is remarkable. Generally, vision is best in arboreal snakes and worst in burrowing snakes. Snakes can detect movement. Some snakes, such the Asian vine snake, have binocular vision, with both eyes capable of focusing on the same point. Most snakes focus by moving the lens back and forth in relation to the retina, while in all other vertebrates, the lens is stretched. Smell Snakes use smell to track their prey. It smells by using its forked tongue to collect airborne particles then passing them to the Jacobson's organ or the Vomeronasal organ in the mouth for examination. The fork in the tongue gives the snake a sort of directional sense of smell and taste simultaneously. The snake keeps its tongue constantly in motion, (some at 60times per minute) sampling particles from the air, ground, and water analyzing the chemicals found and determining humidity, temperature and the presence of prey or predators in its local environment. Vibration sensitivity The part of the body which is in direct contact with the surface of the ground is very sensitive to vibration, thus a snake is able to sense other animals approaching through detecting faint vibrations in the air and on the ground. Infrared sensitivity Pit vipers, pythons, and some boas have infrared-sensitive receptors in deep grooves between the nostril and eye, although some have labial pits on their upper lip just below the nostrils (common in pythons) which allow them to "see" the radiated heat. Infrared sensitivity helps snakes locate nearby prey, especially warm-blooded mammals. Snakes are cold-blooded and require source heat to assist in digestion of food Snakes are guardian by nature ……..and as harmless as doves The Mourning Dove is a medium-sized, slender dove approximately 31 cm(12 in) in length. Mourning Doves weigh an average of 4 to 6 ounces. The elliptical wings are broad, and the head is rounded. Its tail is long and tapered ("macroura" comes from the Greek words for "large" and "tail“). Mourning Doves have perching feet, with three toes forward and one reversed. The legs are short and reddish colored. The beak is short and dark, usually a brown-black hue. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and plants Habitats include various open and semi-open environments, including agricultural and urban areas. The species has adapted well to areas altered by humans. The bird is abundant, with an estimated population of 130 million birds. In many areas, the Mourning Dove is hunted as a game bird for both sport and its meat. Its plaintive woooo-oo-oo call is common throughout its range, as is the whistling of its wings as it takes flight. The species is a strong flier, capable of speeds up to 88 km/h (55 mph). Matthew 10: 1 “And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease.” 8 Matthew 18: 1-14 Verse 6: (also Luke 17: 2) But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone where hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea. 9 Mark 9: 35-42 Verse 36 & 37: And he took a child, and set him in the midst of them; and when he had taken him in his arms, he said unto them, Whosoever shall receive one of such children in my name receiveth me;… 10 REDUCE THE RISK Making Your Church Safe from Child Sexual Abuse When the term “employee” is used it is interchangeable with the term “volunteer” Items to be covered Definition Facts/Statistics Comments Preventive Measures & Issues Psychological Effects Signs of Abuse 13 Items to be covered Spiritual Crisis Reducing the Risk Screening Process Knowledge Inventory 8 Reasons why Churches get sued Assessment Checklist for ALL 14 Definition of Sexual Harassment Is the unwanted sexual advances, or visual, verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature Includes many forms of offensive behavior and includes gender-based harassment of a person of the same sex as the harasser 15 1 GIRL in 4 is sexually abused before the age of 18 15% of sexual assault victims are boys under 16 Thousands die from the effects of sexual abuse The report by the Canadian Committee on Sexual Offences Against Children and Youths indicates: 53% of women and 31% of men were sexually abused when they were children Facts In the USA up to the end of 1992, the estimated cases of child sexual abuse was 80,000/year The number of unreported cases is by far, much greater 17 Statistics - USA 1987 of 40% of female federal employees reported incidents of sexual harassment 4,000 cases are reported daily 1997 the EEOC received 15,889 complaints ◦ Up from 6,883 in 1991 (230% increase) 18 Feb. 2,1998 copy There is the expectation that even in Canada the revelation of abuse cases will increase significantly as a result of the Maple Leaf Gardens sexual abuse scandal of 1997 Thompson’s News Report 19 Insurance industry was told by William Blakeney that sexual abuse litigation is a “growth industry” for lawyers and that the number of victims that have been affected by sexual abuse is “staggering” 20 Lynn Oldfield of American Insurance Group “The key to preventative measures is the hiring practice” Document your procedures a) b) c) d) e) Screening Documented interviews Reference checks Police record checks Probationary period 21 Employer Responsibility Failure to take the appropriate investigative action may make the employer fully liable for all actions of the employee & be held accountable for such actions of the employee and the inaction of proper investigation by the employer 22 Easiest form of harassment Involves the absolute abuse of power and authority Courts hold employers strictly liable for the acts of the supervisory employee 23 Employers Liability Supervisory Staff Can be held accountable for supervisory employees actions due to the masterservant relationship Strictly liable 24 Non Supervisory Staff If the employer had a knowledge or a constructive knowledge and failed to investigate and remedy the situation, the courts may and will rule against the employer 25 Non Employees The employer may also be held liable by the acts of the employer’s independent contracts and other non-employees, including volunteers, in which the employer had knowledge and failed to remedy the situation 26 Teachers Unfortunate part is the accusers may be minors and protected by law so that the accused can not sue the minor Often found in cases involving teachers and students (Sunday School teachers!) Many careers and lives are at stake if action is not taken 27 Preventive Measures Develop a Sexual Harassment Policy Prevention is the best cure Written policy must be integrated into the organization’s culture, values and ethics Proper communication and education of all existing staff and ALL new employees/volunteers is critical 29 Policy Should Contain Clearly state that any type of harassment including sexual harassment will not be tolerated 30 Policy needs to contain a detailed explanation as to the disciplinary sanctions/actions that may occur should a violation of the harassment policy occur Such disciplinary action may include discharge of employment 31 Personal Financial Liability Advise employees there is a tremendous risk of personal financial liability for offenders, especially if they are repeat offenders 32 Contain a detailed straightforward process for dealing with concerns or complaints of harassment Employees/volunteers should be encouraged to report any incident of harassment Policy Manual 33 Assurances Will be given that the matter will be investigated quickly with sensitivity and discretion with no fear of reprisals or retaliation 34 Communication Should be at regular intervals and be held in different forms 35 Examples New Employees/Volunteers ◦ Provide an explanation of the policy 36 Special Training Sessions For all employees to deal with harassment issues Review of legal, financial and emotional consequences should be included 37 Management Conferences Make it a part of management (deacons & elders) conferences, association conferences & annual business meetings 38 Solicit Active Participation Employees to evaluate and make recommendations for improvement with proper referral process to upper management on any changes suggested 39 Lead By Example Instill in all employees the care that is required to implement and maintain this as part of the organizations mandate to provide a good workplace/worship area 40 Lead By Example If Management does not follow the guidelines then the employees & volunteers, will know that management does not care and they will treat the harassment policy with disgust 41 Investigate All Allegations Promptly, thoroughly and confidentially Management will be noticed and recorded by employees Attention that is given by management will also impact any exposure the organization has especially if they do not take action 42 LEGAL ISSUES The Child and Family Services Act (CFSA) in Ontario represents what society perceives as abuse/molestation of children Organizations involved with children must adhere to this same law and apply the same guidelines to the handling of the children under their care and custody 43 CFSA Addresses Physical harm Sexual molestation or exploitation Failure or refusal to provide proper medical treatment for physical harm or suffering 44 CFSA Addresses Emotional harm Failure or refusal to provide treatment for a child suffering from a mental, emotional or development condition which could impair a child’s future development 45 Each province has a similar Act They all state similar guidelines: that the care-worker(s) is (are) accountable and responsible for reporting any abuse cases ◦ 2 Failure to report this information to the “Society” and/or police is a punishable offense ◦1 46 Ontario Section 72 (2) The fine is up to $1,000 and/or imprisonment for up to one (1) year If the courts find the penalty is not enough for the individual, the court may impose a penalty against the deacons, elders, pastors, trustees or other employees/volunteers or workers of the church 47 CFSA - note In Ontario, the ◦ Person who initially suspects an act of abuse is primarily and ultimately responsible for reporting the matter to the authorities 48 Document All Investigation Procedures that occur as a result of an allegation Protect all employees involved in the process All documents may have to be made available for any civil or criminal court case 49 Investigation Process After this has been completed the employer should meet with the alleged harassed employee and the alleged harasser Explain the process Communicate the findings Offer counseling Clearly state the disciplinary action to be made 50 Review After this process has been finalized – review the whole process of the harassment policy Examine it to determine if any changes are necessary to prevent this similar problem from arising again 51 All employers know that all reasonable steps must be taken to reduce and eliminate discrimination and harassment from the workplace Failure to do this is against the law 52 Abuse with Children Our relationship with the Lord requires us to be more diligent: Matt: 10:16 states “Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves; be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.” 53 Matt. 19: 14 states: “But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me; for as such is the kingdom of heaven.” 54 Child Abuse Two elements to consider when working with children ◦ Abuse ◦ Sexual harassment Psychological result is similar in nature 55 Abuse Misuse; Maltreatment Condition of: ◦ Physical harm wherein a child suffers physical injury but does not include reasonable punishment administered by a parent or guardian 56 Condition of ◦ Malnutrition or mental ill-health of a degree that if not immediately remedied could seriously impair growth and development or result in permanent injury or death ◦ Sexual molestation 57 Major Issue Little children are afraid to tell anyone what has happened and the legal procedure for validating an episode is more difficult 58 Problem should be identified, stopped, and the child should receive professional assistance 59 Where Does It Take Place Child abuse takes place within the family ◦ Parent, step-parent, sibling, aunt or uncle Occurs from outside the home ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Friend Neighbor Child care person Teacher Random molester 60 Psychological Effects A child is not psychologically prepared to cope with sexual stimulation Future development of that child will be impeded with long-term effects becoming visible many years later 61 Protect Children will try to protect the abuser due to ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Loyalty Love Affection The feeling that the sexual activity is not really wrong 62 Feelings When the abuse occurs within the home, the child will or may fear ◦ Anger ◦ Jealousy ◦ Shame ◦ Be afraid of the family breaking up if the “secret” is told 63 The Problem Has to Stop Long-term exposure to this treatment of abuse will develop: ◦ Low self-esteem ◦ Worthlessness ◦ An abnormal perspective on sexuality 64 Manifestation The behavior of sexually abused children can be separated into three different areas of manifestation: ◦ Verbal ◦ Physical ◦ Behavior 65 Verbal Statements that their bodies are: ◦ Dirty ◦ Damaged ◦ That there is something wrong with them in the genital area 66 Aspects of sexual molestation in: ◦ Drawings ◦ Games ◦ fantasies 67 Statements “I don’t like ….. (a specific person)” “….(a specific person) does things to me when we are alone” “I don’t like being alone with …. (a specific person)” “…. ( a specific person) fooled around with me” 68 Physical Refusal to go to school, Sunday school Delinquency from school, Sunday school Drug and alcohol abuse Venereal disease Torn or bloody clothing 69 Discomfort when sitting Difficult in urinating Irritation, pain or injury to the genital area Lacerations and/or bruises 70 Behavior Unusual interest in or avoidance of all things of a sexual nature Sleep problems, nightmares Depression or withdrawal from friends or family Seductiveness Secretiveness 71 Unusual aggressiveness including some illegal activities Suicidal behavior Passive and withdrawn behavior Fear of entering into a new relationship Other sever changes in behavior 72 Problems Identified As Adults Significant gaps in childhood memory/time Nightmares/waking up shaking Recurring thoughts/emerging memories of something “off” during childhood Fear/trepidation when visiting parents or others from their childhood 73 Sexual fears/dysfunction/panic/dread as an adult Sexaholic tendencies as an adult 74 Preventative Measures Tell children - “If someone tries to touch your body and do things that make them feel funny, say “NO” to that person and - then tell an adult right away! 75 Teach the children that respect does not mean blind obedience to adults and to authority ◦ Example Do not tell children to “always do everything the teacher or babysitter tells you to do” 76 Institute a NO-TOLERANCE attitude for this kind of action on any child With all legal remedies being taken 77 Do everything to eradicate this problem through training & education and having the proper responsibility for our children If your child tells you something happened listen…. 78 Staff should have first aid training and the first aid equipment should be readily available on site 79 Restrictions as to who is allowed to pick up your children: ◦ Is it the parent, guardian or other known and approved person 80 Drop off and pick up points should be designated This will assist in who is allowed to pick up your children 81 Ratio of Staff to Children Should meet minimum recommendations as set up by the organization, its board, in consultation with the legal professional, especially their lawyer A guideline has been established in the USA by the National Safety Council 82 Guidelines Age of Children Ratio of staff To Children Max # of Children 0-2 1:4 8 2-2 1/2 1:6 12 2 ½-3 1:8 16 3-4 1:10 20 4-5 1:13 24 5-6 1:17 32 6+ 1:18 32 83 REMEMBER THAT THE CHILDREN TODAY ARE THE PRODUCT FOR TOMORROW DO YOU WANT THEM TO CONTINUE THIS ATTITUDE ON THEIR CHILDREN ? Action Plan Ensure the child feels “comfortable” Reducing stress on the child 86 Believe Believe the child – most children will not lie about sexual abuse 87 Positive Message Give a positive message ◦ “I know you couldn’t help it” ◦ “ I’m proud of you for telling me” 88 Not Responsible Explain to the child that he/she is Not Responsible Nor are They to be Blamed for what happened Respect Respect the Child’s Privacy Be careful not to discuss the abuse in front of people who do not need to know what happened 89 Report The Incident Be responsible – report the incident to “CSFA as they can help to protect the child and provide resources for further assistance 90 Medical Examination Arrange a Medical Examination to reassure you that there has been no permanent physical damage and to verify important evidence 91 Get Help Seek professional counseling assistance, even if only for a short time Sexual Assault Crisis Center They are usually available 24 hours a day 92 You Should Not Panic or Overreact about the experience of the child; the child needs help and support to make it through this difficult time. 93 No Pressure Do Not Pressure the Child to Talk or avoid talking about the abuse ◦ Allow the child to talk at his/her own pace ◦ Forcing information will be harmful and silencing the child will not help him/her to forget 94 No Confrontation Do Not confront the alleged offender in the child’s presence ◦ The stress may be too harmful to the child and it is really something that should be left to the authorities to do DO NOT BLAME THE CHILD 95 Preventive Measures Develop and Implement a Sexual Harassment/Abuse Policy Lead by Example Investigate All Allegations Document All Investigation Procedures 96 Remember IT IS ALWAYS THE OFFENDER THAT IS 100% RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE IS NEVER, NOT IN WHOLE OR IN PART, THE VICTIM’S FAULT, INFORMED CONSENT IS NOT POSSIBLE AT THAT AGE! 97 Whether or not there is an insurance policy in force, the real issue is that any church, organization, group, function or gathering needs to assess it exposures and institute Risk Management functions to Mitigate (lessen) losses! Harassment/Abuse is a “hot” topic and as most claims surface many years after they occurred, it is imperative that we PRO-ACT to Risk Management duties immediately! 98 Failure to properly manage this part of the business, will create problems … it is only a matter of time. For us, in our church, it is doubly important for us, as God will hold us accountable for our actions and inactions! 99 Spiritual Crisis Financial Costs Litigation Victimization of Children Media Exposure Congregational Disunity Damaged Families Shattered Trust 100 Spiritual Crisis I don’t believe it Financial Costs Litigation Victimization of Children I didn’t join up for this. I’m gone Media Exposure I was unsure about him Congregational Disunity Damaged Families Shattered Trust 101 REDUCING THE RISK for the CHURCH Selection & screening of workers both PAID and VOLUNTEERS Reporting process Disaster Plan Worker supervision Adult Leader ratio 102 REDUCING THE RISK for the CHURCH Parental permission Response Plan Screening of leaders – the TEST of being “Born Again” Check, Check, Check… 103 Three Points to Consider The screening procedure is designed to provide a safe and secure environment for youth attending your church; unfortunately, some churches have become targets of child abusers/molesters because they provide immediate & direct access to children in entrusting and often unsupervised environment 104 Three Points to Consider If you fail to screen properly, your church’s legal liability increases, exposing the church and congregation to unreasonable and undo financial hardship on all members, especially deacons, elders, trustees and pastoral staff 105 Three Points to Consider If you fail to screen properly, your church’s General Liability policy may exclude or limit coverage for acts of molestation/abuse; if so, you have a potentially enormous risk! Reducing this Risk is worth whatever inconvenience might be generated in implementing a screening process!!! 106 Have you Screened the following? Trained leaders work one-on-one counselling youth; instruct in games and Bible study and lead outings Listeners listen to verses and do book work- usually one-on-one; watch for counselling opportunities Helpers prepare snacks, listen, take youth to bathroom and drive youth to events 107 Have you Screened the following? Do they possess a true relationship with Jesus Christ? Have you tested that relationship or only taken it at face value Do they believe that scriptures as witnessed by word and action? Do they adhere to your Statement of Faith 108 Have you Screened the following? Are you using them because you are “short” trained leaders? Have you assessed them for the attributes of leadership? Have you “thrust” them into service without checking out the above? 109 Have you Screened the following? Are you “concerned” about the screening process? Are you really interested in “preaching, teaching, baptizing and making disciples?” (remember the “Great Commission!) 110 QUOTE 1 “Child molestation is a serious problem. Molesters want to put themselves in pivotal positions where they access children. The church needs to address his societal issue.” Gene Able, MD, the Cardinal’s Commission on clergy sexual misconduct with minors (Chicago: Archdiocese of Chicago, June 1992) 111 QUOTE 2 “The stakes are very high on all sides. The credibility of the church rest in the churches ability to face the problem of child molesters among the clergy and remove them. For the child who is raised in the church and taught to respect and trust the authority of the clergy, the betrayal of trust that occurs when the clergy - 112 - person molests him or her is a profound violation. The child quickly realizes that the church is not a safe place.” Marie Fortune, “A Mill Stone Round the Neck”, (Round Table, Spring 1990) 113 QUOTE 3 “No single pastoral problem is more painful to us as bishops than the situation of sexual abuse where the offender is a member of clergy or is a person in the employ of the church and the offended is a child.” Archbishop Daniel Pilarczyk, Roman Catholic Church, Cincinnati, Ohio 114 QUOTE 4 “Children have neither the power or property. Voices other than their own must speak for them. If those voices are silent then children who have been abused may lean their heads against window panes and taste the bitter emptiness of violated childhoods” Justice Francis T. Murphy in a speech on sexual abuse 1985 115 CHILD ABUSE STRIKES CHILDREN FROM EVERY SOCIAL & ECONOMIC BACKGROUND, RACE, AGE AND GENDER. OFTEN IT OCCURS IN SETTINGS WHERE CHILDREN COMPLETELY TRUST ADULTS; HOME, SCHOOLS, CAMPS, ATHLETIC & PARK PROGRAMS, AND MOST SADLY CHURCHES 116 Knowledge Inventory On the following questions, indicate whether the statement is True or false and be prepared to support your answer 117 Child sexual abuse always involves physical contact with the children? Most child molesters are male? Child molesters are usually strangers? Victims of sexual abuse suffer no longterm effects? One out of five molesters begin their activity before the age of 18? 118 Only a small percentage of victims are male? Most churches screen workers for potential molesters? Church leaders cannot be held liable for child sexual abuse? Some child sexual abuse victims have won settlements of $1,000,000 from churches? 119 A child molester who has experienced a religious conversion no longer presents a threat to children? Child sexual abuse is a criminal offence in all USA states and Canadian provinces? A child molester may have over 500 victims in a lifetime? Churches have in the past been supportive of victims of child sexual abuse? 120 Legal: 8 Reasons why churches are getting sued 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Media attention Statute of Limitations is removed New theories of legal liability Personal Injury Number of victims Mandatory reporting of sexual abuse Support for litigation Inadequate responses to victims 121 Churches Vulnerability – 6 reasons why Community trust Ignorance of the facts Lack of safeguards Number of opportunities Easy access Need for more volunteer workers to help with children and youth programs 122 Why Churches and their Leaders are Sued? The Church has a legal responsibility and is accountable either on the basis of negligent hiring or negligent supervision. Negligence refers to conduct that creates an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to others It connotes carelessness, heedlessness, inattention, or inadvertence. 123 Assessment Checklist With each statement, ask if it is True or False. If you leave it blank, it indicates a procedure or policy area in which your church or organization may be vulnerable to abuse or possible litigation if an incident occurs: 124 Assessment Checklist We currently screen all paid employees, including clergy who work with your or children We currently screen all volunteer workers for any position involving work with your or children 125 Assessment Checklist We do a reference check on all paid employees working with your or children We train all staff who work with children or youth, both paid and volunteer, how to carry out our policies to prevent sexual abuse We take our policies to prevent sexual abuse seriously and see they they are enforced 126 Assessment Checklist Our workers understand provincial laws concerning child abuse reporting obligations We have clearly defined reporting procedures for suspected incidents of abuse We have a specific response strategy to use if an allegation of sexual abuse is made in our church 127 Assessment Checklist We are prepared to respond to media inquiries if an incident occurs We have proper insurance coverage with proper limits of liability in force if a claim should occur 128 The Screening Process Your church announces a new policy such that all volunteers who work with children must immediately complete a screening form. No exceptions will be allowed. Suddenly a backlash occurs from some congregational members: 129 Warning Bill: What’s going on here? This is an invasion of privacy! What are they going to do next – put up metal detectors in front of the Sunday School classes? The Church must be a place of trust.” Mary: “I don’t mind helping out in church nursery once in a while, but I don’t see how this is going to work; sometimes we have to have someone help at the last minute.” 130 It’s one thing to create a screening policy – its another thing to make it work especially when you have committed workers like Bill & Mary who may express sincere reservations about the screening. In formulating screening procedures, attention must be given to the full range of concerns that may surface as a result of the policy. 131 To ensure adequate legal safeguards, every church must implement an effective screening program. The manner in which this is done & the screening forms used should be a matter of careful thought by the church. The organization/church depends upon both paid employees and mostly volunteers. Remember – ALL Workers must be screened 132 Religious Conversion Should a religious conversion make a difference for a youth worker who has been guilty of child molestation in the past??? NO! – Ineligible to work with minors. How and Where do you use them??? Encourage the person to help, however place them in a position where they do not have access to children or youth. You need to encourage them to be an active member of your church. Your position would be virtually indefensible should an incident occur – the church’s defense would likely be viewed with derision by a civil court 133 Simply stated: ◦ If the church places a known child molester in a position involving access to children, they are taking an enormous risk! ◦ In doing this you have opened up your process with a weaklink in the chain! 134 Getting to Know You Conduct a Membership Orientation process – have special classes to have the person know and understand your church and its programs, including the sexual abuse prevention program that is in place and that the screening process has to be completed prior their involvement with children or youth 135 Getting to Know You The Six Month Rule: volunteers should only be permitted to work with children after they have been members of the church for a period of time – 6 months is a good rule. This gives the church the opportunity of learning more about the individual and to be able to properly evaluate them for positions with children/youth 136 Exception Volunteers with criminal abuse violations NOT accepted for any position involving children or youth! Adults who have been convicted or plead guilty to either child sexual abuse or physical abuse should not work with children or youth in any capacity 137 MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN (Daniel 5:25) Tekel: Thou art weighed in the balances and art found wanting. Spiritual Non Spiritual Ministry Prevention Children Litigation Family Mitigation Community Protection REDUCING THE RISK for the Church 138 How Much Legal Risk Does Your Church Want to Assume? The Legal Risk Meter LOW REDUCING THE RISK for the Church HIGH 139 A church’s response to the recommendations made in these materials can be illustrated using a “risk meter” like the one pictured above. On one side there is low risk and on the other side there is high risk. Where do you want the “needle” to register- near the low rating or the high rating? Each church will decide for itself where the needle will appear. For example, a church leader asks if the church can use someone who has been accused of abuse but who denies any wrongdoing. Or, a church would like to use a screening procedure that does not involve reference checks. What about not using a two adult rule in the nursery due to a lack of helpers on a particular Sunday, or using a secondary screening procedure for workers who are not occasional volunteers or who are not church members? What about taking a father/mother along on an overnight activity who shows up at the last minute and volunteers to help? Such questions come down to the issue of risk. How much legal risk does a church want to assume? Churches are free to use only one attendant in nursery, or to conduct little if any screening of workers. These activities are not “illegal.” But, the effect of this will move the needle over toward the high side of the meter. Keep the idea of the “risk meter” in mind as your church makes many decisions that go into the implementation of a screening procedure. Remember, your decisions in creating and implementing a prevention program will determine where the needle will be on your church’s “Risk Meter.” Reduce the Risk Child Protection Seminar For a copy of this presentation or for more information contact r.wingfield@brokerforce or 1-800-263-9870