Sectionalism Review
Mr. McElhaney
APUSH
2008-2009
Next Three Weeks
► Week
1–
 Review Sectionalism/Reform Movements Reading part of
Ch. 10 (Due WED) See Handout
 Ch 11 Due Friday
 Reform Movements Begin Ch 12 Due WED next Week
► Week
2–
 Finish Reform Movements= Abolitionism
 Begin Ch 13 Expansion and Decade of 1850s/Coming of
the Civil War (Test Ch 10, 11, 12) Friday next week 
► Week
3–
 The Civil War Ch. 14
 Vacation work on project
Regional Specialization
Northeast  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  The Nation’s Breadbasket
American Growth
►New
Century
►Census office 18015.3 million people 1820=
9.5 mill
►33% ? growth rate
each decade
►Rapid Economic
growth
►Commercial and
Geographic expansion
Cities- 1820
►New York + 100,000
►Philadelphia + 100,000
►75% Pop Rural
►5% in cities
►20% in towns
►People moving west in
search of farm land
►Ohio, Mississippi Valley
I. North
A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution
Erie Canal, 1820s
Erie Canal
System
► Begun
in 1817
► 363 miles
► Albany, NY to
Lake Erie
“We have assembled to commence the excavation of the Erie Canal. This
work when accomplished will connect our western inland seas with the
Atlantic Ocean. By this great highway, unborn millions will easily transport
their surplus productions to the shores of the Atlantic, procure their
supplies, and hold a useful and profitable intercourse with all the maritime
nations of the earth...”
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Robert Fulton
& the Steamboat
The Clermont
Principal Canals in 1840
I. North
A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution
Early Textile Loom
New England
Textile
Centers:
1830s
New England Dominance in Textiles
The Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell in 1850
Lowell Mill
Lowell System
► Mostly
young, unmarried women working in
factory of Textiles
► Worked and live in clean boarding houses owned
and managed by the factory
► Emphasis in maintaining the morality of the
women employed
 Curfews
 Church Attendance
 Immoral women (sex, bad manners- talking back) were
removed quickly
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
Working Conditions Lowell
► Not
the best but not the worst
► Repetition, tedious
► Lowell
system declines due to competition
and lower standards for of pay and working
conditions worsen
Lowell Boarding Houses
What was boardinghouse life like?
Rise of Cities
Between 1830-1860 Urban population of the US
grew by 552%
► 1830- 1.1 million
► 1860 6.2 million
► Cities grow because of
1. Immigration
2. Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm
due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of
agriculture, more opportunity in cities
►
Cyrus McCormick
& the Mechanical Reaper
McCormick Reaper
► 1834
Revolutionized the harvesting grain
► More efficient and faster
► Factory in Chicago
Immigration
http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/imageapp.php?Major=IM&Minor=F
The United States is a nation of
immigrants. By 1860 1/4 of
population was born in another
country.
► Immigration to the United States
occurs in waves.
► The First Wave of Immigrants:
1820-1860►
 Irish- 2 million
 German- 1.5 million
 British- 750,000
 Scandinavia
► 1825- 10,000 immigrants
► 1845- 100,000 per year
► 1854- 428,000
Second Wave of Immigration 18601920
► 1865-1890- 9 million arrive
► 1890-1915 16 million arrive
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►
1910 ½ the people of cities are
Immigrants
Immigration
Push Factors
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Factors that pushed immigrants
out of their native lands to
America:
PovertyLack of Economic Opportunity
Political Repression - No
freedom
Ethnic conflictWar- conscription
No jobs
No hope of a future
Famine/ starvation/drought
Pull Factors
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Factors that pulled immigrants
out of their native lands to
America:
Economic Opportunity
Jobs/ workers were needed
Land
$
A future of land ownership
Peace and stability
Freedom to make a better life
Population Growth
1620-1860
Immigration
1820-1840
Early Immigration
Irish Potato Famine
1846-1851
► August 1845 the Irish
potato crop was blighted
or stricken with a disease.
► The disease ruined the
main source of nutrition
for the population.
► Famine, starvation, and
disease killed much of the
population.
► While the poor of Ireland
starved British land
owners and merchants
made money.
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1845- 25 million bushels if grain
was shipped out.
1846-50 3 million live animals
were exported
1847 1.3 million gallons of
grain derived alcohol was
exported.
1845-1860 the population of
Ireland was reduced by 1/3.
1845 population = 8.2 million
1860- Pop = 5.8 million
1920- Pop = 4.2 million
1 million died from starvation
and disease.
2 million left to America
1860-1926 4 million more went
to the US.
American Population Density, 1860
American Population Density,
1820
How did/do people react to
immigrants coming to America?
They were looked down upon
and discriminated against. See
cartoons.
► Xenophobia- anti
foreigner attitudes
► Nativism- The idea of
blaming immigrants for
problems.
► Established groups blamed the
new groups for problems:
► Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous
Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”
► People said they were
responsible for: Crime
► Immorality- alcohol abuse
► Catholics- not loyal to America
► Dirty► Inferior, Damaging to the
United States
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Whenever a new group enters
into an established
community tension is caused
and a pattern of development
can be seen.
Examples:
When the Irish came in the
1840’s the established groups
of British and Germans did
not like the new Irish.
Irish where different:
Language- Irish
Religion Roman Catholic
Culture different from British
Lifestyles-
The Changing American Population
►Rapid
Urbanization
►Surging Immigration
►German and
Irish Immigrants
Sources of Immigration, 1820-40 and ----------------------------------------------------1840-60
Anti-Immigrant
Americans
► Nativist=
Party
Native American
Or
► Know Nothing Party
► 1850s strong
► in the Northeast
► Disappear by 1860
► Join New Republican
► party
NINA = No Irish Need Apply
NINA
► How
about a song?
The Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829)
* Founded by Robert Dale Owen and
others in New York City.
Early unions were usually local, social,
and weak.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842).
Massachusetts
Declared Unions lawful and Strikes
lawful
II. South:
A. Growth of Agriculture (“King Cotton”)
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Lower or “Deep” South
► Alabama,
Arkansas
► 1820=
Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas,
500,000 bales
► 1850= 3million bales
► 1860= 5 million bales
► 2/3 of total US exports = $200 million year
► Rice was only $2 Million year
Slavery Expands Lower South?
► Alabama
► Virginia
► 1820=
► 1820=
41,000
► 1860= 435,000
► Mississippi
► 1820=
32,000
► 1860= 436,000
425,000
► 1860= 490,000
Planter Class Southern White Culture
Similar to Feudal lords
Believed in
Chivalry
► Leisure
► Elegance
► Refinement
► Graciousness
► Courtesy
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Small Minority of Southern whites owned
slaves
800 acres or more + at
least 50 slaves
1850 white population= 6 million
Great influenceSlave owners= 347, 525
Political/Economic/Social
leadership
1860 white population = 8 million
Slave owners 383,637
Plain Folk/Common Southern Whites
► Typical
southerner=
Yeoman Farmer
► Some owned a Slave
or 2 worked with them
► Small
farmssubsistence
► Were
tied to the slave
system
► Depended on Large
Plantation
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For Cotton Gin
Markets for goods
Credit
Kinship
Number one Unifying factor in the
South was
► RACE
► Whites
in the South supported Slavery because of
the RACE issue.
► Social and Economic Fears
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
Changing social relations
Race mixing was
Empowering Blacks economic competition
The poorest whites felt superior to the blacks
► “From
childhood, the one thing in their condition
which has made life valuable to the mass of whites
has been that the N--- are yet their inferiors.”
foreign observer from 1850s