How to write
references
Dr Ali Shams
Immunology Dept,
Ssu.
TYPES OF REFERENCES
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Journal articles
Books and book chapters
Conferences
Electronic sources
Bibliographic Elements Journal Reference
1. Authors: et al, organization, without names
2. Article title: (should be exact as existing)
3. Journal name: (should be in standard PubMed
abbreviations, full journal name should not be written)
4.
5.
6.
7.
Year
Volume
Number
Page numbers: (445-447 to be written as 445-47)
1- Singh JK, Bawa M, Kanojia RP, Ghai B,
Menon P, Rao KL. Immune system and
diabetes j immunolo. 2009;25:445-7.
2- Russell FD, Coppell AL, Davenport AP, et al.
In vitro enzymatic processing of radiolabelled
big ET-1 in human kidney as a food ingredient.
Biochem Pharmacol 1998;55(5):697-701
Bibliographic Elements
Authors in correct sequence, and
names checked from PubMed
Correct title of
the article to
come after the
authors name.
Correct journal
abbreviation as
given in Pubmed
Year of the article
given after the
journal abbreviation
Year of
publication is
followed by the
volume no.
Page no comes
last this should
not be written as
445-447
Books
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Author,s:
Book Name
Volume
Edition
Publication Place
Publisher
Publication year
pages
Translated Book
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Author
Name of book
Name of Translator
Volume
Publication place
Publisher
Publication year
pages
A chapter of book
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Chapters author/s name
Name of chapter
In: author names
Volume
Publication place
Publisher
pages
Title of the chapter
Authors of the
chapter
• Miyano T, Kobayashi H, Chen SC. Long term
results of biliary atresia. In, Gupta DK (ed).
Text Book of Neonatal Surgery, 1st edition.
New Delhi, Modern Publishers, 2000;288-291.
Year and page no.
Name of the
book
City of
publication
Edition no
Name of
publisher
The punctuation marks are to followed as seen in this example
Chief Editor of the
book
Dissertations, thesis
In farsi
• Name of student
• Title of
• Thesis for Ph.D degree,
• Name of university
• year
Dissertations, thesis
In english
• Name of student
• Title of ….[dissertation]
• Name of university
• year
Conferences
• Elements of a citation:
• Author's surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor's
surname Initials, editor. Title of the Conference; Date
of conference; Place of publication: Publisher's
name; Year of Publication. p. page numbers.
• Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy.
In: Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings
of the 4th Congress of the Australian Perinatal
Society; 1986: Brisbane, Queensland: Australian
Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.
Electronic sources: CD
• Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M, editors.
Topley and Wilson's microbiology and
microbial infections [CD-ROM]. 9th ed.
London: Arnold; 1998.
Journal article on the internet
• Author's surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal [serial on the Internet]. Year of
publication Month day [cited Year Month
Day];Volume Number(Issue number):[about number
of pages or screens]. Available from: URL
• Sopensky E. Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin
Business Journal [serial on the Internet]. 2002 [cited
2002 Oct 16]; 10(4). Available from:
http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/
14/smallb1.html.
Web site / homepage
• Elements of a citation:
Author/Editor/Organisation's name . Title of the page
[homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication:
Publisher's name; [updated yr month day; cited yr
month day]. Available from: (url)
• HeartCentreOnline [homepage on the Internet]. Boca
Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-2004
[updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available
from: http://www.heartcenteronline.com/
Punctuation Marks
Coma followed by space after each author
do not write and before the last author
Full stop after the last author
followed by space and then
the article title
Full stop followed by
space
Full stop at the
end of the ref.
Single space between the journal
abbreviation and the year, place no
other punctuation marks
Hyphen to separate the
page no.
Semicolon ; after
the year without any
space
Colon : after volume
no. without any space
Citing References in the text: Harvard
• Making reference to published work appears to be
characteristic of writing for a professional audience
(Cormack, 1994).
• Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies,
2008) shows that
• Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that
the majority of …
• Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal:
an brief look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6),
p.564.
Citing References in the text: Vancouver
• same order that they were cited in the text
Citing References in the text
• References should be numbered using Arabic
numerals in box parentheses e.g. [1] in the
order of appearance in the text as a
superscript.
Remember
• Providing the references in correct style with
accurate bibliographic details is authors’
responsibility.
• Editor has the full right to reject the manuscript
on technical grounds if the references are wrong
or it may be sent back to the author for
correction thus increasing manuscript processing
time.
‫متشکرم‬