2//12-Pick up your book.
**Take out your GATTACA & EOCT
Review Wksts.**
Copy & answer the following questions on a blank
sheet of paper.
1. How do you think you did on the DNA Test?
2. Honestly, how long did you study?
3. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
4. What could I/WE do to help you?
2/17/12Copy & answer the following questions on a blank
sheet of paper.
1. How do you think you did on the DNA Test?
2. Honestly, how long did you study?
3. What could YOU do to improve your grade?
4. What could I/WE do to help you?
2/22/12-Define the following:
14-1 Vocab
1. Karyotype
2. Sex chromosome
3. Autosome
4. Pedigree
10-2 Vocab
5. Mitosis
6. Chromatid
7. Centromere
8. Cell Cycle
9. Interphase
11-4 Vocab
10. Meiosis
11. Diploid
12. Haploid
Cell Reproduction
Mitosis and Meiosis
Cell Reproduction

Chromosome Structure
 Rod shaped, made of DNA proteins
 HISTONES are proteins that help in the
packaging of DNA and maintain the shape of the
chromosome.
 NONHISTONE proteins control the activity of
specific regions of DNA.
 Individual chromosomes consist of 2 identical halves
called CHROMATIDS
 The center of the chromosome is the
CENTROMERE. It holds the 2 chromatids
together.
There are 2 types of chromosomes

SEX CHROMOSOMES-determine the sex of
an organism
In humans, sex chromosomes are either X or Y
 FEMALES=XX
 MALES=XY

Types of chromosomes, cont.

AUTOSOMES-all other chromosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes total 44
autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
 Organisms get 1 copy of each autosome from a
parent-making 2 copies called HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES. They are the same size, shape,
and carry the same info.

A KARYOTYPE is used to examine an
individual’s chromosomes.
VERY IMPORTANT VOCAB!!
 Cells
that have 2 sets of
chromosomes are DIPLOID (2n).
 HAPLOID (n) cells have only 1 set
of chromosomes.
Sperm and egg cells are haploid
cells.
Quick Quiz
1. What are the 2 parts of the chromosome?
2. What are the two types of chromosomes in your
body
3. How many chromosomes do your body cells
contain? Your sex cells?
4. Cells that have one set of chromosomes are
______________. Cells that have two sets are
______________.
2/23/12-Have out EOCT p1 &2
Do-Now:
Pick up and complete the chromosome crossword
puzzle.
#1 Down should read “Humans have 22 pairs”
Study over yesterdays notes…
Cell Division in Prokaryotes



Divide asexually by
BINARY FISSION
Produce identical
offspring
3 stages
 DNA is copied
 Cell begins to divide
 2 identical haploid
cells are formed
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
 MITOSIS-cell
division that results in 2
new cells with identical genetic
material to the original cell
 The CELL CYCLE is the repeating set
of events that make up the life of a
cell. CELL DIVISION is one phase
and INTERPHASE is the time
between divisions.
Interphase

Made of 3 phases
 G1 PHASE-offspring cells grow to mature
size
 S PHASE-DNA is copied
(REPLICATION)
 G2 PHASE-cell prepares for division
*Cells can exit the cell cycle and enter the G0 PHASE
where DNA isn’t copied and cells don’t divide.
Nervous system cells stop dividing at maturity.*
Mitosis
During mitosis, the M PHASE, the nucleus
of the cell divides.
 4 phases of mitosis (Interphase is before
and after mitosis/cytokinesis.)
 PROPHASE
 METAPHASE
 ANAPHASE
 TELOPHASE

PROPHASE
 DNA coils into



chromosomes
Nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappear
Dark spots appear
(CENTROSOMES),
which contain the
CENTRIOLES (plants
DO NOT have
centrioles)
SPINDLE FIBERS
radiate from the
centrosomes
METAPHASE
 Chromosomes
move to the
MIDDLE of the
cell
2/24/12Do-Now:
Complete the word search puzzle (back of yesterday’s
crossword).
Study your Week 7 Vocabulary—Prefix/Suffix
ANAPHASE
 Chromatids
of
each
chromosome
separate at
centromere &
move toward
opposite sides of
the dividing cell
TELOPHASE





Spindle fibers disappear
Chromosomes uncoil
Nuclear membrane
forms around each set of
chromosomes
Nucleolus reforms
Telophase is almost the
opposite of prophase.
CYTOKINESIS

CYTOKINESIS occurs when the cytoplasm
starts to divide. It starts when telophase is
complete.
In animal cells, the cell membrane pinches in
(CLEAVAGE FURROW) & separates the dividing
cell into 2 new cells.
 In plant cells, the membrane bound cell wall forms
(CELL PLATE) & separates the cell into 2 new
cells.

Cytokinesis in animal cells
Cytokinesis in plant cells
Ticket to Leave



How does cell reproduction occur in
prokaryotes?
What is the cell cycle?
List and briefly describe the four steps of
mitosis.
***QUIZ !!!!***
2/27/12-Get out Mitosis Foldable. Study
for Week 7 Vocab (Rescheduled to today)

1.
2.
3.
4.
Do-Now:
What is the relationship between prophase and
telophase?
The phase where the chromosomes line up in the
middle of the cell is _____.
When the chromatids split from one another and
move to opposite poles of the cell, ____ is occurring.
List the 3 parts of Interphase & describe what
happens during each.
***QUIZ TUESDAY—Cell Division Notes!!!!!!***
Review Matching—Wk 7
Give the meaning of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
AmphiAbArchos
-cide
Corpus
PhenoAnthroAdAudioCircum-
Meiosis


Cell division in SEX cells
Produces haploid (n) reproductive cells called
GAMETES
 Human gametes are SPERM & EGG
 Each contain 23 chromosomes
 Fusion of sperm (n) & egg (n) forms a
ZYGOTE (2n) that contains 46
chromosomes
**Cells begin meiosis just like mitosis—it’s just
that cells divide TWICE in meiosis**
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
DNA REPLICATION
 During
replication, the DNA of a 2n
(diploid) cell is copied.
 This only occurs before MEIOSIS I.
Meiosis
I
 PROPHASE I
 DNA
coils, spindle fibers appear
 HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES pair
up-called SYNAPSIS (doesn’t happen during
mitosis)
 Portions of chromatids break off and attach
to nearby chromatid on the homologous paircalled CROSSING OVER
 Allows for genetic info exchange between
mother/father chromosomes giving a new
mixture of genetic info-called GENETIC
RECOMBINATION
CROSSING OVER
METAPHASE I


TETRADS (each pair of homologous
chromosomes) line up in middle of cell
Spindle fibers attach to the homologous
chromosomes of the pair
ANAPHASE I


Each homologous chromosome moves to the
opposite side of the dividing cell
Random separation of the homologous
chromosomes is called INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT and it results in genetic
variations
TELOPHASE I



Chromosomes reach the opposite ends of cell
Each of the new developing cells will contain a
haploid number of chromosomes.
CYTOKINESIS I occurs
2/28/12-Take out “Directed Reading” &
Meiosis Notes from yesterday.
Do Now:
Determine if the following terms/phrases describe mitosis or meiosis.
1. Results in 2 genetically identical cells
2. Results in 4 genetically different cells
3. Produces diploid (2n) cells
4. Produces haploid (n) cells
5. Produces body cells
6. Produces gametes
7. Allows growth and replacement of cells
8. How sexually reproducing organisms make gametes
9. Type of cell division
***Cell Reproduction Test—Thursday****
MEIOSIS II


The newly formed cells DO NOT copy their
DNA.
PROPHASE II

Spindle fibers form and move chromosomes toward
the middle of the cell
METAPHASE II

Chromosomes move to the midline of the cellsfacing opposite side of the cells
ANAPHASE II

Chromatids separate and move to opposite sides
of cell
TELOPHASE II


Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
in each of the 4 new cells
CYTOKINESIS II occurs resulting in 4 new
cells, each containing HALF the number of
chromosomes as the original cell
Formation of Gametes

SPERMATOGENESISproduction of sperm
cells--2n reproductive
cell divides through
meiosis to form 4
haploid cells called
SPERMATIDS (each
will develop into a
mature sperm)
Formation of Gametes, cont.

OOGENESISproduction of egg cells,
2n reproductive cell
divides through meiosis
to form ONE mature
egg cell—the other three
cells are polar bodies and
will degenerate
(unequally divided
cytoplasm)
Ticket to Leave





What is crossing over?
Meiosis is used to form __________.
List the steps of meiosis I & II.
The formation of sperm is called ___________.
The formation of eggs is called __________.
2/29/12
Pick up “Cell Cycle Handout @ the back and
complete
-Look on the right hand side of paper—
& use the “Word Bank”

Take out last night’s HW on the back of your
“Meiosis Notes”
3/1/12

1.
2.
Take out your Chapter 10 Cell Division Review
& Study…..
Work on Week 8—Prefix/Suffix vocab.
Another word for sex cells = __________
The 2 main stages of cell division are called
_______ & cytokinesis.
3/2/12
After the Test:
 Complete the Cell Reproduction Word Puzzle
on the back of your CHAPTER 10 Cell Division
Review Sheet.
 There are no words listed. When you find a
word that relates to cell division, circle it and
write it at the bottom in the table. The person
with the most words will get bonus points.