PASSIVE VOICE
PERFECT / PLUPERFECT AND
FUTURE PERFECT
How to form the perfect passive
the 4th principal part.
 Make the ending the 4th
principal part agree with the
subject of the verb.
 Use the present tense forms of
sum as a separate helping verb
 Use
How to form the perfect passive
The translations for the
perfect passive are:
was ---------ed
were -------ed
have been --------ed
has been -------ed
Here is what it looks like in Latin
laudatus sum – I have been praised, I was
praised
laudatus es – you have been praised, you
were praised
laudatus est – he has been praised, he was
praised
laudati sumus – we have been praised, we
were praised
laudati estis – you have been praised, you
were praised
laudati sunt – they have been praised, they
were praised
There are several things to be
confused about. Pay attention!
What does it mean
to say:
th
“make the 4
principal part agree
with the subject”?
What IS the 4th principal part
The 4th principal part is the
perfect passive participle of
the verb.
Participles are verbs that
function as adjectives.
Here are some examples in English
of perfect passive participles
The wounded soldiers still fought bravely.
We never found the stolen money
The cities destroyed in the war will be
rebuilt
Participles are ADJECTIVES
Since the perfect passive participle is an
adjective, it must agree with what it
modifies.
Since the perfect passive participle is being
used to help form the perfect passive verb,
it must agree with the SUBJECT and so
MUST be NOMINATIVE
The 4th principal part is a 1st-2nd
declension adjective
When the 4th principal part is being used to
form the perfect passive tense these are
the options for the endings:
-us if the subject is masculine, singular
-i
if the subject is masculine plural
-a if the subject is feminine singular
-ae if the subject is feminine plural
-um if the subject is neuter singular
-a if the subject is neuter plural
Look at these to help clarify
Rex interfectus est – the king has been
killed
Regina interfecta est – the queen has been
killed
Urbs oppugnata est – the city has been
attacked
Urbes aedificatae sunt – the cities have been
built
The other confusing thing is the form
of sum is present tense, but you do not
translate it as a present tense
Urbs aedificata est
The city has been built
The city was built
or
Milites capti sunt
The soldiers have been captured or
The soldiers were captured
Look at these two sets. Notice how
the form of sum is in a different
tense in each set
PRESENT TENSE
Rex est malus
The king is bad.
PERFECT TENSE
Rex interfectus est
The king has been killed
or The king was killed
Sumus laeti
We are happy
Sumus moniti
We have been warned
or we were warned
How to tell the difference
PRESENT TENSE
PERFECT TENSE
(PASSIVE)
NO
4TH principal part
4th
principal part
Vita est bona
Life is good
Pecunia est capta
The money has been
stolen
Let’s start by translating perfect
passive forms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
demonstratum est
moniti sumus
oppugnati estis
sum feritus
sum ferita
pecunia capta est
servi liberati sunt
ancillae iussae sunt
NOTA BENE
It does not matter if the form of sum or
the 4th principal part comes first.
sum monitus or monitus sum
The ending of the 4th principal part may
determine the gender of the translation
Est monitus- he has been warned
Est monita – she has been warned
Try some more
Exercitus superatus est.
2. Epistula scripta est
3. Territa est
4. Convocatus est
5. Urbs est occupata
1.
Ab and a word in the ablative
Remember that with a passive
verb the prepositon ab is
used and is translated as by
This is called the ablative of
agent.
Try these
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercitus ab hoste superatus est.
Naves ab nautis navigatae sunt.
Epistula ab mea matre scripta est.
Ab poetis fabula narrata est.
Rex ab militibus custoditus est.
Let’s try English to Latin
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He has been helped
They have been captured
It was attacked
The money has been stolen
We were sent
You (pl) have been protected
The slaves have been sold
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
iutus est
capti sunt (or captae sunt or capta sunt)
est oppugnatum
pecunia est capta
sumus missi (or sumus missae)
defensi estis (or defensae estis)
servi venditi sunt
Don’t forget
It does not matter if the form of sum is
written before or after the 4th principal
part.
 The ending of the 4th principal part must
agree with the subject.

Last of the Review Verbs
Go to my webpage and print out the last of
the verb review vocabulary.
OR
Print out the list that has all the verbs on it.
OR
Do both.
I will focus on the list that has the last set
for the next week and then any verb is fair
to use
PLUPERFECT
Use the 4th principal part.
 Make the ending the 4th principal part
agree with the subject of the verb.
 Use the imperfect tense forms of eram
as a separate helping verb.
 Translate as:
had been -----ed

EXAMPLES
monitus eram – I had been warned
monitus eras – you had been warned
monitus erat – he had been warned
moniti eramus – we had been warned
moniti eratis - you had been warned
moniti erant - they had been warned
Future Perfect
Write down a
prediction for the
future perfect
Future Perfect
Use the 4th principal part.
 Make the ending the 4th principal part
agree with the subject of the verb.
 Use the future tense forms of ero as a
separate helping verb.
 Translate as:
will have been -----ed

Examples
monitus ero – I will have been warned
monitus eris – you will have been warned
monitus erit – he will have been warned
moniti erimus – we will have been warned
moniti eritis - you will have been warned
moniti erunt - they will have been warned