Latin Verb Review
Who is doing the action?
Person
Number
Tense
Voice
Is the subject singular or plural?
Is the action happening in the past, present, or future?
Is the verb passive or active?
Mood
Is the verb indicative, imperative, or subjunctive?
Relationship of a verb with reality or intent.

Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Moods
The most common mood, used in factual statements.
Used with commands.
Worry about this later

• Most Latin verbs have 4 principle parts.
– 1 st principle part = 1 st person, singular, present, active, indicative.
• Videō = I see.
– 2 nd principle part = present, active, infinitive. The present stem comes from dropping the –re.
• Vidēre = to see.
– 3 rd principle part = 1 st person, singular, perfect, active, indicative. The perfect stem comes from dropping the –ī.
• Vīdī = I saw.
– 4 th principle part = perfect, passive, participle.
• Vīsum = having been seen

• Present stem = 2 nd principle part – ‘-re.’
• Perfect stem = 3 rd principle part – ‘-ī.’

st
• Distinguished from the characteristic ā in the present stem.
• Most 1 st Conjugation verbs have the pattern of amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum.
• Dō, dāre, dedī, dātum is an example of a first conjugation verb that does not follow the typical pattern.

nd
• Distinguished from the characteristic ē in the stem.
• NOTE: YOU WILL BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR KNOWING AND REPRODUCING
THE LONG E FOR SECOND
CONJUGATION VERBS ON QUIZZES
AND EXAMS.

rd
rd
• The 3 rd conjugation is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem.
• The 3 rd conjugation io is distinguished by the characteristic short e in the present stem, AND the ‘io’ ending in the first principle part.

th
• Distinguished by the characteristic ī in the present stem.

1 st
Personal Endings for present, future, and imperfect, active voice.
Singular Plural
-o/m (I)
-mus (we)
2 nd
-s (you)
-tis (you plur)
-nt (they)
3 rd
-t (he/she/it)

• For 1 st , 2 nd , and 4 th Conjugations, add the personal endings to the present stem.
– Note: 1 st conjugation drops the ā in the stem in the 1 st person, singular, present, active, indicative
– Note: 4 th conjugation 3 rd person, plural, active, indicative, present ‘-iunt’
• For 3 rd and 3 rd io Conjugations, change the stem vowel from the short e to a short i and add the personal endings.
– Note the difference in the 3 rd person, plural, present, active, indicative

• Erras
– You err.
• Mones
– You warn.
• Ducis
– You lead.
• Capis
– You capture.
• Venis
– You come
• Errant
– They err.
• Monent
– They warn.
• Ducunt
– They lead.
• Capiunt
– They capture.
• Veniunt
– They come.

• For all conjugations, add ‘ba’ + the personal endings to the present stem.
– Note: The first person singular personal ending is –m.
• Examples:
» Errabam (I was erring)
» Monebam (I was warning)
» Ducebam (I was leading)
» Capiebam (I was capturing)
» Veniebam (I was coming)

• For 1 st and 2 nd conjugations, add ‘bi’ + personal endings to the stem.
• For 3 rd conjugation, lengthen the stem vowel from ‘e’ to ‘ē,’ and add the personal endings.
• For 3 rd conjugation io, change the stem vowel to
‘ie’, and add the personal endings.
• For 4 th conjugation, add an e to the stem, and add you personal endings.
– NOTE THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR OF ALL
CONJUGATIONS.

• Errabo
– I shall err.
• Monebo
– I shall warn.
• Ducam
– I shall lead.
• Capiam
– I shall capture.
• Veniam
– I shall come.
• Errabunt
– They will err.
• Monebunt
– They will warn.
• Ducent
– They will lead.
• Capient
– They will capture.
• Venient
– They will come.

• The present stem = the singular imperative.
– Remember the four exceptions to this are:
• Dic = say
• Duc = lead
• Fac = do
• Fer = bear
• For the plural, add ‘te’ to the stem.
– Remember to change the e to an i in the 3 rd and 3 rd io conjugations.

• Singular
– 1 st person: sum
• I am
– 2 nd person: es
• You are
– 3 rd person: est
• He/she/it is
• Plural
– 1st person: sumus
• We are
– 2 nd person: estis
• You are
– 3 rd person: sunt
• They are
• Singular
– 1 st person: possum
• I am able
– 2 nd person: potes
• You are able
– 3 rd person: potest
• He/she/it is able
• Plural
– 1 st person: possumus
• We are able
– 2 nd person: potestis
• You are able
– 3 rd person: possunt
• They are able

• Singular
– 1 st person: ero
• I shall
– 2 nd person: eris
• You will
– 3 rd person: erit
• He/she/it will
• Plural
– 1 st person: erimus
• We shall
– 2 nd person: eritis
• You will
– 3 rd person: erunt
• They will
• Singular
– 1 st person: potero
• I shall be able
– 2 nd person: poteris
• You will be able
– 3 rd person: poterit
• He/she/it will be able
• Plural
– 1 st person: poterimus
• We shall be able
– 2 nd person: poteritis
• You will be able
– 3 rd person: poterunt
• He/she/it will be able

• Singular
– 1 st person: eram
• I was
– 2 nd person: eras
• You were
– 3 rd person: erat
• He/she/it was
• Plural
– 1 st person: eramus
• We were
– 2 nd person: eratis
• You were
– 3 rd person: erant
• They were
• Singular
– 1 st person: poteram
• I was able
– 2 nd person: poteras
• You were able
– 3 rd person: poterat
• He/she/it was able
• Plural
– 1 st person: poteramus
• We were able
– 2 nd person: poteratis
• You were able
– 3 rd person: poterant
• They were able

• Perfect personal endings are added to the perfect stem.

• Singular
– Errāvī
• I erred.
– Errāvistī
• You erred.
– Errāvit
• He/she/it erred
• Plural
– Errāvimus
• We erred.
– Errāvistis
• You erred.
– Errāvērunt
• They erred.

• Singular
– Errāveram
• I had erred.
– Errāverās
• You had erred.
– Errāverat
• He/she/it had erred.
• Plural
– Errāverāmus
• We had erred.
– Errāverātis
• You had erred.
– Errāverant
• They had erred.

• Singular
– Errāverō
• I will have erred.
– Errāveris
• You will have erred.
– Errāverit
• He/she/it will have erred.
• Plural
– Errāverimus
• We will have erred.
– Errāveritis
• You will have erred.
– Errāverint
• They will have erred.