The French ACI GRID* initiative and its
latest achievements using Grid'5000
* Member of the non-usual suspect National Grid Initiatives (W. Gentzcsh)
Thierry PRIOL
Director of the French ACI GRID
Thierry.Priol@inria.fr
Franck Cappello
Director ACI GRID Grid’5000
Franck.Cappello@inria.fr
Contents



An overview of the ACI GRID initiative and some of the projects
The Grid’5000 project
Concluding remarks
Objectives of the ACI GRID

Push the national research effort on grid computing

Increase the visibility of French Grid research activities

Fund medium and long term research activities in Grid using a bottomup approach (nothing imposed !)

Stimulate synergies between research groups

Encourage experimentations with the available grid infrastructure being
deployed through national projects

Develop new software for experimental grid infrastructures

New system and programming environments for distributed computing
or large data management
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
2
Organisation

Programme Director : Thierry Priol



Scientific council : Brigitte Plateau
Budget: ~8 M€* (including 8 PhD grants)

2001
since January 2004, M. Cosnard before
This is incentive funding (around 98.3 M€ estimated by GridCoord)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Call1 18 projects 2.25M€
Call2 12 projects 3M€
Call3-G5K 5 projects 1M€
Call4-G5K 6 projects 1M€
* Computing and network infrastructures, permanent researchers salaries already paid by the state
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Several kinds of projects

Multidisciplinary project

Software project

Young research team

Collaboration

International

Testbed
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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ACI GRID projects

Middleware, tools, environments






















TAG (S. Genaud, LSIIT)
ANCG (N. Emad, PRISM)
DOC-G (V-D. Cung, UVSQ)



Métacompil (G-A. Silbert, ENMP)
CiGri-CIMENT (L. Desbat, UjF)
Mecagrid (H. Guillard, INRIA)
GLOP (V. Breton, IN2P3)
GRID5000 (F. Cappello, INRIA)
Support for disseminations

Networks and communication



COUMEHY (C. Messager, LTHE) - Climate
GenoGrid (D. Lavenier, IRISA) - Bioinformatics
GeoGrid (J-C. Paul, LORIA) - Oil reservoir
IDHA (F. Genova, CDAS) - Astronomy
Guirlande-fr (L. Romary, LORIA) - Language
GriPPS (C. Blanchet, IBCP) - Bioinformatics
HydroGrid (M. Kern, INRIA) - Environment
Medigrid (J. Montagnat, INSA-Lyon) - Medical
Grid Testbeds

Compiler techniques

Applications

Algorithms


CGP2P (F. Cappello, LRI/CNRS)
ASP (F. Desprez, ENS Lyon/INRIA)
EPSN (O. Coulaud, INRIA)
PADOUE (A. Doucet, LIP6)
MEDIAGRID (C. Collet, IMAG)
DARTS (S. Frénot, INSA-Lyon)
Grid-TLSE (M. Dayde, ENSEEIHT)
RMI (C. Pérez, IRISA)
CONCERTO (Y. Maheo, VALORIA)
CARAML (G. Hains, LIFO)



ARGE (A. Schaff, LORIA)
GRID2 (J-L. Pazat, IRISA/INSA)
DataGRAAL (Y. Denneulin, IMAG)
RESAM (C. Pham, ENS Lyon)
ALTA (C. Pérez, IRISA/INRIA)
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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GRID ASP: Client/Server Approach for
Simulation over the Grid


Call 1 (2001 - 2003)
Project coordinator: F. Desprez



Participants


E-mail : Frederic.Desprez@inria.fr
Web: http://graal.ens-lyon.fr/ASP/
ENS-Lyon, INRIA, LORIA, LIFC, IRCOM,
LST, SRSMC, Physique Lyon1
Objectives

Building a portable set of tools for
computational servers in a ASP
(Application Service Provider) model


(Software
database
distributed)
AGENT
DIET (Distributed Interactive Engineering
Toolbox)
Scheduler
Performance
database
(distributed)
AGENT
physic, geology, chemistry, electronic
device simulation, robotics, …
Scheduler
Focus on issues


……
Porting several different applications


grpc_call(MatPROD, A,
B);
resource localization (hierarchical)
scheduling, performance evaluation (both
static and dynamic), data persistence, data
redistribution between servers
S3
AGENT
Scheduler
Local
S1 Scheduler
Clients

Direct
connection
Batch
system
S2
C, C++, Scilab, Web browser
Visualization server
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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TLSE : Web expert site for sparse
matrices based on grid infrastructure


Call 2 (2002 - 2004)
Project coordinator: Michel Daydé



Participants


E-mail : Michel.Dayde@enseeiht.fr
Web: http://www.enseeiht.fr/lima/tlse/
CERFACS, FéRIA-IRIT, LIP-ENSL,
LaBRI, CEA, CNES, EADS, EDF, IFP
Objectives





Design a Web expertise site for
sparse matrices
Dissemination of our expertise in
sparse linear algebra
Easy access and experimentation
with software and tools: only
statistics are provided, not computing
resources
Exploitation of the computing power
of the grid for parametric studies
Contents : Sparse matrix software,
Bibliography, Collections of sparse
matrices
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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CGP2P: Global P2P Computing
“Fusion of Desktop Grid and P2P systems”
Client (PC)
result
request
Client (PC)
accept
request
provide
Coordination
system
result
accept
provide
Requests concern
computations or data


Call 1 (2001 - 2003)
Coordinator: Franck Cappello,



email: fci@lri.fr
Web: www.lri.fr/~fci
Potential
communications for
parallel applications
(MPI)
Service provider (PC)
Services concern
computation or data




Participants: LRI, LIFL, ID IMAG, LARIA,
LAL, EADS
Service provider (PC)





Desktop Grid middleware: XtremWeb
Fault tolerant MPI: MPICH-V
Sandbox for binary applications: SBSLM
Large Scale Storage: US
Workflow/Dataflow language: YML
Scheduling simulator: SimLargeGrid
French ADSL analysis
Theoretical proof of the protocols
Convergence/Integration with GRID (GT3)
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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RMI: Programming the Grid with
distributed Objects


Call 1 (2001 - 2003)
Project coordinator: C. Pérez



Mpich
DSM
MPI
OmniORB
MICO
Orbacus
Orbix/E
CORBA
Kaffe
JVM
CERTI
HLA
PadicoTM
Services
Participants


E-mail : Christian.Perez@irisa.fr
Web: http://www.irisa.fr/Grid-RMI/en/
Mome
IRISA, ENS-Lyon, LIFL, INRIA, EADS
Personality Layer
PadicoTM
Core
Objectives

For parallel programming:



Message based runtimes (MPI, PVM,
…)
DSM-based runtimes (TreadMarks, …)
For distributed programming


RPC/RMI based middleware (DCE,
CORBA, Java)
Middleware for discrete-event based
simulation (HLA)
Get the maximum performance from the
network!

Offer zero-copy mechanism to
middleware/runtime
Madeleine
Network
s


Internal engine
Provide a framework to combine various
communication middleware and runtimes
Portability across networks
TCP
Myrinet
SCI
Marcel
I/O aware multi-threading
Multithreading
Bandwidth (MB/s)
250
CORBA/Myrinet-2000
MPI/Myrinet-2000
200
Java/Myrinet-2000
CORBA/SCI
MPI/SCI
TCP/Ethernet-100
150
100
50
0
1
10
100
1000
10000 100000 10000001E+07
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using
Grid'5000
Message
size (bytes)
9
HydroGrid: distributed code coupling in
hydrogeology, using software components


Call 2 (2002 - 2004)
Project coordinator: M. Kern




flow
transport
chemistry
E-mail : Michel.Kern@inria.fr
Web:http://www-rocq.inria.fr/~kern/
HydroGrid/HydroGrid-en.html.
Participants: INRIA Rocquencourt, INRIA
Rennes, IMFS Strasbourg, Geosciences
Rennes
meshing
Objectives





Simulate flow and transport of pollutants in
the subsurface
Take into account couplings between
different physical phenomena
Couple parallel codes on a grid, software
from ACI GRID RMI project
Links between numerical and software
coupling
Example applications: reactive transport
(top), density driven flow (bottom),
fractured media
visualization
Density driven flow : mass fraction
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Main feedback from call1 & call2 projects

Lack of a large scale testbed available for
experiments


Several small scale testbeds at the regional level
Duplication of effort when setting up testbeds

Various type of Grids

Need to be able to experiment various software
layers

Incompatible with a production Grid
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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How to proceed…
log(cost & coordination)
Grid’5000
Major challenge
Data Grid eXplorer
WANinLab
Emulab
Challenging
Reasonable
SimGrid
MicroGrid
Bricks
NS, etc.
DAS
PlanetLab
Naregi Testbed
NSF GENI
Model
Protocol proof
log(realism)
math
simulation
emulation
live systems
In the first ½ of 2003, the design and development of
an experimental platform for Grid researchers was decided:
 Grid’5000 as a real life system
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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The Grid’5000 project
Grid’5000 Objective


Deploy an experimental large scale computing infrastructure to allow any kind of
experiments
Experiments of any kind of grids (Virtual Supercomputer, Desktop Grid, …)


Experimental conditions
Configuration of the entire software stack

from the application to the operating system
Computer testbed
Grid testbed
Grid Application
Grid Middleware
OS (…)
Grid BIOS
Application
Middleware
OS (…)
BIOS
Grid’5000
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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The Grid’5000 Project

Building a nation wide experimental platform for Large scale Grid &
P2P experiments






9 geographically distributed sites
Every site hosts a cluster (from 256 CPUs to 1K CPUs)
All sites are connected by RENATER (French Res. and Edu. Net.)
RENATER hosts probes to trace network load conditions
Design and develop a system/middleware environment for safely test and
repeat experiments
Use the platform for Grid experiments in real life conditions


Port and test applications, develop new algorithms
Address critical issues of Grid system/middleware:


Address critical issues of Grid Networking


Programming, Scalability, Fault Tolerance, Scheduling
High performance transport protocols, Qos
Investigate original mechanisms

P2P resources discovery, Desktop Grids
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Planning
June 2003
Today
2004
2005
2006
2007
5000
Discussions
Prototypes
Installations
Clusters & Net
3500
Preparation
Calibration
~2500
Experiments
International
collaborations
CoreGRID
Processors
2000
1250
2300
CPUs
First Experiments
Funded
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Grid’5000 foundations:
Measurements and condition injection

Quantitative metrics :




Performance: Execution time, throughput, overhead, QoS (Batch,
interactive, soft real time, real time).
Scalability:Resource occupation (CPU, memory, disc, network), Applications
algorithms, Number of users, Number of resources.
Fault-tolerance:Tolerance to very frequent failures (volatility), tolerance to
massive failures (a large fraction of the system disconnects), Fault
tolerance consistency across the software stack.
Experimental Condition injection :



Background workloads: CPU, Memory, Disk, network, Traffic injection at the
network edges.
Stress: high number of clients, servers, tasks, data transfers,
Perturbation: artificial faults (crash, intermittent failure, memory corruptions,
Byzantine), rapid platform reduction/increase, slowdowns, etc.
Allow users running their favorite measurement tools
and experimental condition injectors
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Application
Programming Environments
Application Runtime
Grid or P2P Middleware
Operating System
Measurement tools
Experimental conditions injector
Grid’5000 principle: A highly
reconfigurable experimental platform
Networking
Let users create, deploy and run their software stack,
including the software to test and their environment
+ measurement tools + experimental conditions injectors
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Experiment workflow
Log into Grid’5000
Import data/codes
yes
Build an env. ?
no
Reserve nodes corresponding
to the experiment
Reserve 1
node
Reboot node
(existing env.*)
Reboot the nodes in the user
experimental environment (optional)
Adapt env.
Transfer params + Run the experiment
Reboot node
Env. OK ?
Collect experiment results
yes
*Available on all sites:
Fedora4all
Ubuntu4all
Debian4all
Exit Grid’5000
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Should be red today at Orsay !
Grid’5000 map
Lille:
500 (106)
Nancy:
500 (94)
Rennes
518 (518)
Orsay
1000 (684)
Bordeaux
500 (96)
Toulouse
500 (116)
Lyon
500 (252)
Grenoble
500 (270)
Sophia Antipolis
500 (434)
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Rennes
Lyon
Sophia
Grenoble
Bordeaux
Orsay
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
21
Hardware Configuration
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Grid’5000 network provided by RENATER
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur TIFF (non compressé)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur TIFF (non compressé)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
10 Gbps
Dark fiber
Dedicated Lambda
Fully isolated traffic!
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
23
Grid’5000 as an Instrument

A high security for Grid’5000 and the Internet, despite the deep
reconfiguration feature


A software infrastructure allowing users to access Grid’5000 from any
Grid’5000 site and have simple view of the system


A user has a single account on Grid’5000, Grid’5000 is seen as a cluster of
clusters, 9 (1 per site) unsynchronized home directories
A reservation/scheduling tools allowing users to select nodes and
schedule experiments


Grid’5000 is confined: communications between sites are isolated from the
Internet and Vice versa (level2 MPLS, Dedicated lambda).
a reservation engine + batch scheduler (1 per site) + OAR
Grid (a co-reservation scheduling system)
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur TIFF (non compressé)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
A user toolkit to reconfigure the nodes software image deployment and
node reconfiguration tool
QuickTime™ et un
décompresseur TIFF (non compressé)
sont requis pour visionner cette image.
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
24
OS Reconfiguration techniques
Reboot OR Virtual Machines
Reboot:
Virtual Machine:
Remote control with IPMI,
RSA, etc.
No need for reboot
Disc repartitioning,
if necessary
Virtual machine technology
Selection not so easy
Xen has some limitations:
Reboot or Kernel switch
(Kexec)
-Xen3 in “initial support” status for intel vtx
-Xen2 does not support x86/6
-Many patches not supported
-High overhead on high speed Net.
Currently we use Reboot, but Xen will be used in
the default environment.
Let users select its experimental environment:
Fully dedicated or shared within virtual machine
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
25
Resource usage: activity (Feb’06)
April: just before SC’06 and Grid’06 deadlines
French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
Activity >The70%
26
Community: Grid’5000 users
345 registered
Users
Coming from
45 Laboratories.
IBCP
IMAG
INRIA-Alpes
INSA-Lyon
Prism-Versailles
BRGM
INRIA
CEDRAT
IME/USP.br
INF/UFRGS.br
LORIA
Univ.Nantes
UFRJ.br
France-telecom
Sophia
LABRI
LRI
CS-VU.nl
LIFL
IDRIS
FEW-VU.nl
ENS-Lyon
AIST.jp
Univ. Nice
EC-Lyon
UCD.ie
ENSEEIHT
IRISA
LIPN-Paris XIII
CICT
RENATER
U-Picardie
IRIT
IN2P3
EADS
CERFACS
LIFC
EPFL.ch
ENSIACET
LIP6
LAAS
INP-Toulouse
UHP-Nancy
ICPS-Strasbourg
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000 SUPELEC
27
About 230+ Experiments
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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About 200 Publications
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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A series of Events
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Grid@work (Octobre 10-14 2005)
• Series of conferences and tutorials
including Grid PlugTest (N-Queens and
Flowshop Contests).
The objective of this event was to bring together
ProActive users,
to present
and Grid@work
discuss current and
Don’t
miss
2006
future features of the ProActive Grid platform, and
to test the deployment
interoperability
of
in and
Nov.
26 to Dec.
1
ProActive Grid applications on various Grids.
http://www.etsi.org/plugtests/Upcoming/GRID2006/GRID2006.htm
The N-Queens Contest (4 teams) where the aim was to find the number of solutions
to the N-queens problem, N being as big as possible, in a limited amount of time
The Flowshop Contest (3 teams)
1600 CPUs in total: 1200 provided by Grid’5000 + 50 by the other Grids (EGEE,
DEISA, NorduGrid) + 350 CPUs on clusters.
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Experiment: Geophysics: Seismic Ray
Tracing in 3D mesh of the Earth
Stéphane Genaud , Marc Grunberg , and Catherine Mongenet
IPGS: “Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg”
Building a seismic tomography model of the Earth geology
using seismic wave propagation characteristics in the Earth.
Seismic waves are modeled from events detected by sensors.
Ray tracing algorithm: waves are reconstructed from rays
traced between the epicenter and one sensor.
A MPI parallel program composed of 3 steps
1) Master-worker: ray tracing and mesh update by each process with blocks of rays
successively fetched from the master process,
2) all-to
all communications to exchange submesh in-formation between the processes,
3) merging of cell information of the submesh associated with each process.
Reference: 32 CPUs
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
32
Jxta DHT scalability
Edge Peer
rdv Peer

1) It requires 2 hours to contact all “rendez vous” peers
With
the
per“DHT”
default setting, the view of every rendez vous
Goals:2)study
of a
JXTA
peers
limited
to JXTA
onlyDHT
300 rendez vous peers

“Rendez
vous” is
peers
form the

Performance
of thisof
DHT?
3) The view
every “rendez vous” peer is very unstable


Organization of a JXTA overlay (peerview
protocol)




Scalability of this DHT?
Each rendezvous peer has a local
view of other rendezvous peers
Loosely-Consistent DHT between
rendezvous peers
Mechanism for ensuring
convergence of local views
Benchmark: time for
local views to converge

Up to 580 nodes on 6 sites
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
33
A
C
D
B
Fully Distributed Batch Scheduler G
E
F
L. Rilling et al., 2006



Motivation : evaluation of a fully distributed resource allocation
service (batch scheduler)
Grid'5000 site
Bordeaux
Orsay
Rennes (paraci)
Rennes (parasol)
Rennes (paravent)
Sophia
Vigne : Unstructured network,
flooding (random walk optimized for scheduling).
Experiment: a bag of 944 homogeneous tasks / 944 CPU






#CPU used
82
344
98
62
198
160
Execution time
1740s
1959s
1594s
2689s
2062s
1905s
Synthetic sequential code (monte carlo application).
Measure of the mean execution time for a task (computation time
depends on the resource)
Measure the overhead compared with an ideal execution (central
coordinator)
Objective: 1 task per CPU.
Tested configuration:
Result :
Submission interval
Average execution time
Overhead
944 CPUs Bordeaux (82), Orsay(344), Rennes Paraci (98),
Rennes Parasol (62), Rennes Paravent (198), Sophia (160)
Duration: 12 hours
5s
2057s
4,80%
10s
2042s
4,00%
20s
2039s
3,90%
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
34
Large Scale experiment of DIET:
A GridRPC environment
1120 clients submitted more than 45 000 REAL GridRPC requests
(dgemm matrix multiply) to GridRPC servers
7 sites : Lyon, Orsay,Rennes, Lilles,
Sophia,Toulouse,Bordeaux
8 clusters - 585 machines - 1170 CPUs.
Objectives :
- Proove that the DIET
environment is scallable.
- Test the functionnalities of
DIET at large scale
Raphaël The
Bolze
French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
35
Solving the Flow-Shop
Scheduling Problem
E. Talbi, N. Melab, 2006
“one of the hardest challenge problems in combinatorial optimization”
•
•
•
•
•
•
Schedule a set of jobs on a set of machines minimizing the makespan.
Jobs order must be respected and machines can execute 1 job at a time.
Complexity is very high for large size instances (possible schedules).
Exhaustive enumeration of all combinations would take several years.
The challenge is thus to reduce the number of explored solutions.
But the problem cannot be efficiently solved without computational grids.
New Grid exact method based on the Branch-and-Bound algorithm (Talbi,
melab, et al.), combining new approaches of combinatorial algorithmic, grid
computing, load balancing and fault tolerance.
 Problem: 50 jobs on 20 machines, optimally solved
for the 1st time, with 1245 CPUs (peak)
Using simultaneously Grid5000 and other clusters
Involved Grid5000 sites (6): Bordeaux, Lille, Orsay, Rennes, Sophia-Antipolis and Toulouse.
The optimal solution required a wall-clock time of 1 month and 3 weeks.
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
36
TCP limits over 10Gb/s links
P. Primet et al., 2006



Highlighting TCP stream interaction issues in very high bandwidth links
(congestion colapse) and poor bandwidth fairness
Grid’5000 10Gb/s connections evaluation
Evaluation of TCP variants over Grid’5000 10Gb/s links (BIC TCP,
H-TCP, weswood…)
Interaction of
10 1Gb/s TCP streams,
over the 10Gb/s
Rennes-Nancy link,
during 1 hour.
Aggregated bandwidth of 9,3 Gb/s on a time interval of few
minutes. Then a very high drop of the bandwidth on one of the
connection.
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
37
Grid’5000 main achievements in 2006



A large scale and highly reconfigurable Grid experimental platform
Used by Master student Ph. D., PostDoc and researchers (and results are
presented in their reports, thesis, papers, etc.)
Grid’5000 offers in 2006:




Grid’5000 results in 2006:





Grid’5000 is opened to others communities in 2006 (CoreGRID)
Grid’5000 winter school (Philippe d’Anfray, ~January 2007)
Connection to other Grid experimental platforms


300+ users
~200 publications,
~230 planned experiments
Grid’5000 is opened to French Grid researchers since July 2005
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9 clusters distributed over 9 sites in France,
about 10 Gigabit/s (directional) of bandwidth
the capability for all users to reconfigure the platform
[protocols/OS/Middleware/Runtime/Application]
Netherlands (from October 2006), Japan (under discussion)
Sustainability ensured by INRIA after 2007
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Concluding remarks

GRID in its wider definition
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The French ACI GRID lead to many European initiatives
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Computing, data and knowledge Grids, P2P
Not only focusing on the use of Supercomputers… neither on Globus…
An emphasis on middleware but also on applications/algorithms to make them Gridaware
Several groups of the ACI GRID projects are involved in EU funded projects (almost
absent in FP5, involved in 10 projects in FP6 and leader of 3 projects)
The idea to set up a Network of Excellence in Grid Research came from the ACI GRID
(M. Cosnard)
On-going discussions to have a European dimension of Grid’5000 funded under the 7th
Framework Programme
Funding of Grid research yet available

Through the “Agence National de la Recherche”
Oct. 2006 1500 CPUs
2600 CPUs
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To get more information about the ACI-GRID
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
DAS3
Grid’5000
http://www-sop.inria.fr/aci/grid
Thierry.Priol@inria.fr
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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Announcement
Project consultation Meeting
Bridging Global Computing with Grid (BIGG)
In conjunction with
November 28-29, 2006
The objective of the workshop is to
provide a direct gateway facilitating
interactions between two different
communities: Grid & Global Computing
The French ACI GRID initiative and its latest achievements using Grid'5000
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