TEMUJIN (GENGHIS KHAN)
• Born around A.D. 1160
• United Mongol tribes for the first time
• Elected ruler of the Mongol tribes in A.D. 1206
GENGHIS KHAN
• Temujin became known
as “Genghis Khan”: Strong
Ruler
• Mongols began conquest
of Asia
• Karakoram: Genghis
Khan’s capital
GENGHIS KHAN
• Mongol army fought
mainly on horseback
• Tumen: Unit of the
Mongol army (10,000
warriors)
• Mongols excelled at siege
warfare
• Mongols conquered
northern China and
central Asia
GENGHIS KHAN
• Genghis Khan died in A.D.
1227 while hunting wild
boars
• After burying him, the
grave-diggers were all
executed
• Ogedei, son of Genghis
Khan, became new
Mongol leader
MONGOL EMPIRE
• Mongols conquered Persia and most of the
Middle East
• Captured Arab capital of Baghdad in A.D. 1258
MONGOL EMPIRE
• Mongols invaded Russia and Eastern Europe
• Largest land Empire in World History
MONGOL EMPIRE
• Mongols stopped
attacking Europe when
Ogedei Khan died in A.D.
1241
• Mongols advance in the
Middle East stopped by
the Mamluks in A.D.
1260
MONGOL EMPIRE
BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
BREAKUP OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE
• Genghis Khan’s grandsons divided the empire into
four units around A.D. 1260
• Khanates: Divisions of the Mongol Empire
1. Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)
2. Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia)
3. Ilkhanate (Persia & Middle East)
4. Great Khanate (China & Mongolia)
KHANATE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE
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First ruler was Batu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan
Ruled southern Russia and Ukraine
Northwestern Russian rulers paid Mongols tribute
Mongols ruled most of Russia until about A.D. 1500
CHAGATAI KHANATE
• Named after
Genghis Khan’s
son, Chagatai
• Ruled central
Asia
ILKHANATE
• Founded by Hulagu Khan, grandson of Genghis
Khan
• Ruled Persia and surrounding territories
• By A.D. 1300, converted to Islam
TAMERLANE
• Also known as Timur Lenk or
“Timur the Lame”
• Mongol leader who considered
himself a second Genghis Khan
• Conquered territory of the
Ilkhanate and the Chagatai
Khanate
• Fierce warrior and brutal leader
TAMERLANE
• Established Timurid Empire (A.D. 1370 – 1507)
• Ruled Central Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia, and
northern India
• Samarkand:
Tamerlane’s capital
EMPIRE OF TAMERLANE
GREAT KHANATE
• Founded by Kublai
Khan, grandson of
Genghis Khan
• Ruled China and
Mongolia
• Strongest and
wealthiest of the four
khanates
GREAT KHANATE
• Kublai Khan conquered Song Dynasty in A.D.
1279
• Established Yuan Dynasty (Mongol Dynasty)
• Yuan Dynasty rules China: A.D. 1279 – 1368
GREAT KHANATE
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Invaded and conquered northern Vietnam
Failed attempt to conquer Japan
Typhoon destroyed invading Mongol navy
Kamikaze: “Divine Wind”
GREAT KHANATE (YUAN DYNASTY)
YUAN DYNASTY
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New capital built – Khanbalik: “City of the Khan”
Khanbalik is present-day Beijing
Yuan Dynasty adopted Neo-Confucianism
Ran government using Chinese bureaucracy
DECLINE OF THE YUAN DYNASTY
• Military costs and
failures
• Government corruption
• Zhu Yuanzhang
overthrew the Yuan
Dynasty and
established the Ming
Dynasty in 1368
IMPACT OF THE MONGOLS
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Pax Mongolia (c. A.D. 1260 – 1360)
Increased Silk Road trade between Asia and Europe
Spread of paper money
Increased role of merchant associations (guilds)
Europeans introduced to Chinese technologies,
such as gunpowder and printing
MARCO POLO
• Merchant from Venice,
Italy
• 24-year journey through
Asia
• Visited the court of
Kublai Khan
• His accounts of China
filled Europeans with
awe