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14.1 The Uncertainty Principle
14.2 The Effect of Observation
14.4 Quantum Reality
14.5 Toward a Post-Newtonian Worldview
14.6 Observing Atomic Spectra
14.7 The Quantum Atom
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Quantum uncertainty
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The Uncertainty Principle
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All outcomes of things in the microscopic world are
unpredictable and have no certain patter.
The position and velocity of every material particle
are uncertain. Although either uncertainty can take
on any value, the two are related by that face.
There is a range of possibilities for everything
based on velocity and mass.
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Every time you try to observer the Uncertainty
principle the outcome changes because you
observe it.
All measurements have a strong instantaneous
effects on matter waves.
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Uncertainty is a key feature of quantum theory.
The view that a particle properties are created
by the experimental context is called contextual
reality.
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Newtonian worldview
Atomism
 Objectivity
 Predictability
 Analysis
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Quantum worldview asserts that the universe
is made of nonmaterial fields.
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The most accurate scientific measurement known are
made with spectroscopes, devices that measure the
frequencies or wavelengths present in radiation.
The set of frequencies measured in such experiments is
called the spectrum of the source that emitted the
radiation.
A continuous spectrum is a substances that contains an
unbroken range of visible frequencies and is spread out
in a continuous band of color.
A line spectrum is a spectrum that only shows a slitshaped line of color in different frequencies.
You can excite gas by heating it.
Another way to excite gas is to use a process called
electric discharge.
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The Quantum model of the atom describes the
behavior of the electron’s matter field.
Stationary wave patterns are called standing
waves.
The energy level is where we make an educated
guess on how much energy there is.
There are energy states such as ground state which
is a point of rest and excited states where the atom
is excited.
When an atom jumps from one quantum state to
another this is called a quantum jump.
The emission of radiation from and atom is when it
makes a quantum jump down.
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15.1 Nuclear Forces : The Third Glue
15.2 Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Structure
15.3 Radioactive Decay
15.4 Half-Life: When Does a Nucleus Decay
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The three glues are 1. gravitational 2. electrical
and 3. is just strong force
The last force is just weak force.
All of those put together is what makes up the
four fundamental forces.
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Any altering of the structure of an atom is
called nuclear reaction.
The amount of orbital electrons and the
chemical properties of an atom is what makes it
an element.
An isotope is numbered by its atomic number,
its number of protons, and also by its mass
number, its total number of protons and
neutrons have the total number of particles in
the nucleus.
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Every isotope whose atomic number is greater than 83 is
radioactive, and there are man radioactive isotopes of
lighter elements also.
Radioactive materials emit three distinct types of rays
known as alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
Most nuclei are stable, meaning they will remain unchanged
forever unless outside influences disturb them.
Some are unstable or radioactive which means they will
change their structure even if they experience no outside
disturbances.
The spontaneous change in structure is called radioactive
decay.
There are many diferent kinds of decay known as alpha and
beta decay. And another thing known as gamma-ray photon
which is the three different kinds of decay.
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A Half-life is a the time it takes for 50% of a
large collection of nuclei will decay.
This is very important in detraining many
dates on things.
An atom that decays with a smooth curve has a
decay curve.