FBI- Sarah
"Science and Technology Branch." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BRANCH (STB)

4500 employees

science and technology to enhance FBI's investigative and intelligence capabilities

develop high-tech tools to solve crimes, prevent terrorist attacks

BIOMETRIC CENTER OF EXCELLENCE (BCOE)
"Delivering the Future." Www.FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.
Web. 02 Apr. 2013.

Biometrics: measurable biological (anatomical and physiological) or behavioral
characteristics used for identification of an individual

authenticate an individual's identity OR figure out who someone is

managed by the CJIS

FBI has been a leader in biometric identification for years

started managing fingerprint collection in 1924

1980s- began DNA analysis, sponsored Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)"genetic fingerprint"


Clarksburg, West Virginia

improve information sharing
Modalities:
"Modalities." Biometric Center of Excellence (BCOE). FBI, n.d. Web. 02 Apr.
2013.

Facial Recognition-
United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
Subcommitee on Biometrics. Face Recognition. By Kelly Smith, Arun Ross,
and Dirk Colbry. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Biometrics.gov. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.
<•http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/FaceRec.pdf#page=1>.

early facial recognition algorithms used simple geometric models

now- science of sophisticated mathematical representations and
matching processes

can be used for verification and identification

automated

2 predominant approaches: geometric (feature based) and photometric
(view based)

many different algorithms: Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Linear
Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Elastic Bunch Graph Matching
(EBGM)


http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/FaceRec.pdf#page=1
Palmprint-
United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
Subcommitee on Biometrics. Palm Print Recognition. By B. Scott Swann, Ed
German, Stephen Meagher, and Ron Smith. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Biometrics.gov.
Web. 2 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/PalmPrintRec.pdf#page=1>.

friction ridge impression: friction ridges are the ridges on the skin of
fingers and toes, palms and soles of feet that make up
fingerprint/palmprints/toeprints/footprints

data from friction ridges determine whether corresponding areas of
friction ridge impressions orginated from the same or different source

Hardware: sensor types for collecting the digital image of palm surface:
capacitive, optical, ultrasound, thermal

capacitive senor determines each pixel value based on the
capacitance measured, made possible because of an area of air
(valley) has less capacitance than an area of palm (ridge)

OR high frequency ultrasound

OR optical devices that use prisms to detect change in light
reflectance related to the palm

thermal scanners require swipe of palm across a surface to
measure the difference in temp ofer time to create a digital image


capacitive, optical, ultrasound only require placement of a palm
Software: more reliability if a smaller data set is searched- the palms
have to be segmented into smaller areas to optimize performance of the
palm recognition systems. latent examiners can determine which portion
of the hand the piece of evidence came from

palm matching techniques:

minutiae-based matching

most widely used

relies on location, direction, and orientation of minutiae
points

correlation-based matching

lining up palm images and subtracting them to
determine if the ridges in the two palm images
correspond

ridge-based matching

used ridge pattern landmark features (sweat pores,
spatial attributes, geometric characteristics of the ridges,
local texture analysis)

faster method of matching

overcomes difficulties of extracting minutiae from poor
quality images


http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/PalmPrintRec.pdf#page=1
Iris Scan-
United States of America. National Science and Technology Council.
Subcommitee on Biometrics. Iris Recognition. By Kelly Smith, James Matey,
Rick Lazerick, and Jim Cambier. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Biometrics.gov. Web. 2 Apr.
2013. <http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/IrisRec.pdf>.

recognizing a person by analyzing the random pattern of the iris

automated method is new

iris- muscle in the eye that regulates the size of the puil, controls amount
of light that enters the eye, colored (based on amount of melatonin
pigment), prior to birth-degeneration- pupil opens and iris forms
random unique patterns so they can been used for recognition

process:

iris is located using landmark features- very important!

landmark features and distinct chape of iris allow for imaging,
feature isolation and extraction

high quality digial camera- use infrared light to illuminate the
iris without harm or discomfort

2D Gabor wavelet filters and maps the segments of the ris into
phasors (vectors)

phasors have info on orientation and spatial frequency and
position of these areas--> used to map the IrisCodes

IrisCodes are then compared

amount of difference between
the two IrisCodes (Hamming Distance- HD) is used as a
test of statistical independence between the two
IrisCodes

if HD shows that less than 1/3 of the bytes in the
IrisCodes are different, then the IrisCode fails the test of
statistical significance and the IrisCodes are from the
same iris

Retinal recognition

uses unique pattern of blood vessels on a retina at the back of the
eye

high quality picture with digital camera, infrared illumination or
LED illumination


http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/IrisRec.pdf
Voice Recognition-
Smith, Kelly, Donald Reynolds, Hirotaka Nakasone, and Jim
Wayman. Speaker Recognition. Rep. National Science and Technology
Council, n.d. Web. 7 Apr.
2013. http://www.biometrics.gov/Documents/SpeakerRec.pdf#page=1.

different from "speech recognition"- not biometric

behavorial characteristics

popular because of availability of devices for collecting speech samplestelephone network, computer microphones

different from other biometrics- speech samples are captured
dynamically or over a period of time

changes over time are monitored- similar to other behavorial biometrics
(dynamic signature, gait, keystroke recognition)

physical structure of vocal tract- airway and soft tissue cavities from
which vocal sounds originate

2 forms of speaker recognition:

text dependent (constrained mode)- individual says either fixed
(password) or prompted phrase--> programmed into system

text independent (unconstrained mode)- no advanced knowledge
of presenter's phrasing, much more flexible in situations where
speaker submitting sample is unaware of collection or unwilling
to cooperate

DNA-
"DNA." Biometric Center of Excellence (BCOE). FBI, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2013.

Human genome= 5% genes, 95% non-coding DNA sequences (junk DNA)

In the non-coding regions are identical repeat sequences of DNA= variable number
tandem repeats (VNTRs) Can be repeated from 1 to 30 times in a row

number of tandem repeats at specific places (loci) varies between individuals

greater number of loci analyzed, smaller probability of finding two unrelated individuals with the
same DNA profile

DNA profiling- determine number of VNTR repeats at a number of distinctive loci

steps: isolate DNA sample such as blood, saliva, hair, semen, tissue; cut up DNA into
shorter fragments containing known VNTR areas; sort DNA fragments by size; compare
DNA fragments in different samples

Accuracy!- chance of 2 individuals sharing the same DNA profile is less than 1 in a 100 billion
with 26 different bands studied
"Next Generation Identification." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/fingerprints_biometrics/ngi>.

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)- current system

Next Generation Identification (NGI)- new system better than IAFIS

new biometric technology

mission: reduce terrorist and criminal activities by improving and expanding biometric
identification and criminal history information services

Capabilities:

Quality Check Automation- first step of IAFIS processing, textual information is
reviewed, eliminates manual review of fingerprint transactions

Interstate Photo System (IPS) Enhancements- customers can add photos to
previously submitted arrest data, submit photos with civil submissions, submit
photos in bulk formats, easier retrieval of photos, ability to accept and search for
photos of scars, marks, tattoos, facial recognition technology

Advanced Fingerprint Identification Technology- faster fingerprinting, more
accuracy

Enhanced IAFIS Repository- improve effectiveness of IAFIS, develop
new/streamline existing internal user processes, new search and response
services for FBI customers, "Rap Back" service- authorized agencies receive
notification of criminal activity reported to the IAFIS, iris repository- iris data,
iris search capability, iris maintenance

FBI National Palm Print System- accept. store, seach palm print submissions

Multimodal Biometrics- not just fingerprints for identification- voice, iris, facial
etc.

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/fingerprints_biometrics/ngi
"CJIS." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis.

1. Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS), West Virginia

staticians compile large amounts of data into series of reports detailing crimes in
communities across the country

central repository for fingerprints and history records for police professionals and
investigators to search through quickly

Law Enforcement National Data Exchange (N-DEx2)- information-sharing exchange
used by criminal justice professionals to put the right information in the right hands

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis
"Laboratory Services." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab>.

2. Laboratory Division

Biometric Analysis

Combined DNA Index System- fosters exchange and comparison of forensic DNA
evidence from violent crime investigations

Latent Print Operations

scientific examinations in the area of friction ridge analysisdevelopment/comparison of latent fingerprints, palm prints, footprints,
reports findings

Mitochrondrial DNA Unit

exames biological items of evidence from crime scenes to determine the
mitochrondrial DNA sequences from hair, bones, teeth


National Missing Person DNA Database
Nuclear DNA- evidence testing using forensic serological and nuclear DNA
methodologies

Forensic Response

Chemical, Biological, Radiological , and Nuclear Sciences Unit (CBRNSU)forensic examinations of hazardous chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear materials and all related evidence

Crime Scene Documentation
technical, photographic, structural, services for counterterrorism,
counterintelligence, criminal investigative, and forensic investigations
and prosecutions

crime scene survey, demonstrative court presentation, 3D physical
models, crime scene photography

Evidence Response Team Unit

collect evidence supporting FBI priority investigations- provides ERT
with training, equipment, forensic expertise

Hazardous Evidence Response (HERTU)

support to US govt's response to weapons of mass destruction incidents
and threats and to investigation of terrorist or criminal use CBRN
materials

leadership and expertise in management and processing of CBRN crime
scenes

Operational Projects Unit (OPU)- Photography and imaging of international law
enforcement investigations

Scientific Response Unit (SRU)

sci/tech/forensic support for criminal/intelligence investigations
involving threatened use of any hazardous material (weapons of mass
destruction)

sci/tech consultation/response on hazardous materials/WMD,
liaison/training with public health, intelligence, sci, international
communities

Technical Hazards Response Unit (THRU)

provides operational safety, evidence access/movement, operational
logistics, paramedic support, technical operation in support of FBI
requirements

Forensic Science Support

Special Projects Unit (SPU)- designs/produces 2D and 3D visual materials,
illustration, diagrams, maps, charts, etc.

create exhibits to support counterterrorism/intelligence operations

Evidence Control Unit (ECU)- central point for receipt and management of
evidence


Forensic Imaging Unit (FIU)- imaging support to FBI Laboratory
Scientific Analysis

Chemistry Unit- chemical and metallurgical analysses on evidence, reports
findings, testimony in court, assists in crime scene investigation

Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit (CFSRU)


advancement of forensic sciences- development of new capabilities
Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit (CRRU)- examines manually
encrypted documents and records of illegal enterprises

Firearms/Toolmarks Unit (FTU)- forensic examations of firearms, ammunition
components, toolmarks, serial number restoration, gunshot residue, bullet
trajectories, physical evidence

Questioned Documents Unit (QDU)- examines evidence collected during
investigation through written reports, forensic document examination discipline

Trace Evidence Unit (TEU)
identifies/comparies specific types of trace materials that could be
transferred during the commission of a violent crime through contact
between suspect and victim (ex. human hair, animal hair, textile
fibers/fabric, rope, feathers, soil, glass, building materials)


physical anthropology (skeletal remains) examination
Terrorist Explosive Device Analytical Center (TEDAC)- receive, analyze, exploit terrorist
improvised explosive devices (IEDs) to gather US govt intelligence about these devices

Explosives Unit (EU)- examines evidence associated with bombings
"FBI — Operational Technology." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/otd>

3. Operational Technology Division

mission: tech-based solutions that enable and enhance FBI's intelligence, national
security, law enforcement

examples: identified enemies in espionage activities- provided tech support

capabilites:

Advanced electronic surveillance and search: wireline, wireless, data network
communication technologies

Digital forensics: computers, audio, video, images, commerical electronics,
counter-encryption, digital/multimedia evidence collection

Radio program: largest fixed land mobile radio system in US, develops
interoperability solutions, ecryption and over-the-air-rekeying, spectrum
management, secure communications products and research,
satellite/microwave/high frequency radio capabilities, site support, circuit
management, system design/testing

Specialized support and coordination: crisis communicxation, financial and
human resources management, research/development efforts, project
management, industry liaison, facilites and asset management, technical
intelligence analysis, domestic electronic surveillance support. Technical
Response Unit (TRU)- provides secure communication to deployed FBI
personnel

Tactical operations- covert entry/search capability for all authorized Title III,
Title 50, and Executive Branch orders

Technical personnel and defensive programs- technical training and program
oversight to the FBI's technically trained agents and electronics technicians,
equipment for FBI's intrusion detection systems and defensive electronics
program--> physical security and technical integrity of Bureau facilities
worldwide

Technical surveillance: state-of-the-art audio, video, tracking capabilities for
FBI's counterintelligence, counterterrorism, criminal, and cyber programs

BCOE facial services- side by side comparison of crime scene photographic
images with photos of suspects (Facial Identification Scientific Working GroupFISWG)


BCOE voice recognition program
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/otd
"Information Technology." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/itb>.
INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY
BRANCH (ITB)

1 office, 3 divisions (1800 government/contract employees)

Office of Chief Knowledge Officer (OCKO) or Knowledge Office- G. Clayton Grigg

Promotes and facilitates the creation, sharing, and application of knowledge

Knowledge management that creates, captures, and shares timely, reliable, and
actionable knowledge

enhance FBI's mission performance

how people, systems , and technologies exchange data, info, and content to meet the FBI's
goals and objectives

responsible for tecnological and collaborative improvements, programs, and platforms to
share knowledge and expertise

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/executives/grigg

Mission:

Delivering the reliable and effective technology solutions needed to fulfill the FBI's
mission anytime, anywhere, on-time, and on-budget

Leading the strategic direction for the FBI’s information technology through the strategic
plan, portfolio management, governance process

Promoting and facilitating the creation, sharing, and application of FBI knowledge
products to improve overall effectiveness

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/itb

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/itb/organization
"Directorate of Intelligence." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/intelligence>.
DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE

special agents, intelligence analysts, language analysts, professional support staff work to inform
and support FBI operational activies

key component

manages all FBI intelligence activities

works will all Bureau offices to make sure that intelligence is embedded in every investigative
program and field office

goal: develop a comprehensive understanding of the threats and penetrate national and
transnational networks that seek to harm us (terrorist organizations, foreign intelligence services,
those that seek to proliferate WMDs, criminal enterprises)

integrate intelligence and investigations--> uniquely situated to address the US's threats and
vulnerabilities

core tools: investigative techniques, forensics, info technologies, strategic partnerships,
intelligence= integral part of FBI's investiative mission

intelligence is more important today than ever

threats rely on sophisticated info tech

threats transcend geographic boundaries and US national security boundaries--> need to
have right info at right time--> protect national security

mandate from Congress, the President, Attorney General, and Direcotr of National
Intelligence to protect national security by producing intelligence in support of its own
investigative mission, national intelligence priorities

Workforce:

Intelligence Analysts (IAs)- convert raw data into actionable info, develop
scientific expertise, discern patterns of complex behavior, offer accurate
understanding of present and future threats, create timely actionable products
(report, briefings, etc), work in every FBI Headquarters division and in all 56
field offices

"Intelligence Analysts: Central to the Mission." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07
Apr. 2013.
<http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2011/august/intelligence_081811/in
telligence_081811>.

Part 1-- prior to 9/11, there were 1000 IAs. Now, 3000

in every case, there are IAs working alongside the agents

after 9/11, the FBI transformed into an intelligence-driven organizationthe change was necessary to match the growing threat of terrorism, doing
same things as before 9/11 but systematized

the entire IA system is administered under the DI, all areas of FBI can
leverage intelligence resources, those resources can be used much more
broadly and efficiently, process and training is the same for IAs across
the country

Part 2-- growing importance of IAs

3 distinct analytic areas- tactical, strategic, collection/reporting

Tactical- less big picture, more boots on the ground, if agent
needs to get in the car and arrest someone before that person
hurts somebody, the agent calls an IA for vital info

Strategic- longer-term threats on a broader scale- tactical will
look at gang case in particular area, strategic will look at gang's
activities from a national or transnational perspective, less about
a specific case, more about understanding what they know and
what they don't know, provide clarity in one big picture of so
much raw info

Collection/reporting- understanding FBI's intelligence collection
capabilities and how they integrate across the FBI with entire US
intelligence community, ensure that info is disseminated in
timely matter, evaluating how the FBI is positioned to collect
against a case and the capabilities it has/needs to fill the gaps

Language Analysts (LAs)- translation, interpretation, lanugage analysis services
to FBI and intelligence community. Certified in aprox 75 languages. More than
95% of FBI's linguists are native speakers of foreign languages

Surveillance Specialists: investigative support for FBI's foreign
counterintelligence and international terrorism functions. Collect, analyze, and
disseminate intelligence data gathered during sophisticated physical surveillance
operations

Special Agents- enforcing more than 260 federal statutes such as those pertaining
to organized crime, white-collar crime, financial crime, civil rights violation, bank
robbery, kidnapping, terrorism, foreign counterintelligence, fugitive and drug
trafficking matters. Work with other federal, state and local law enforcement on
investigative matters of joint interest.

Intelligence defined by the DI: information that has been analyzed and refined so that it
is useful to policymakers in making decisions—specifically, decisions about potential
threats to our national security.

DI uses term in three different ways

1. Intelligence is a product that consists of information that has been
refined to meet the needs of policymakers.

2. Intelligence is also a process through which that information is
identified, collected, and analyzed.

3. And intelligence refers to both the individual organizations that
shape raw data into a finished intelligence product for the benefit of
decision makers and the larger community of these organizations.

Intelligence Cycle- process of developing unrefined data into polished intelligence for use
of policy makers

Requirements, Planning and Direction, Collection, Processing and Exploitation,
Analysis and Production, Dissemination

Intelligence Collection Disciplines (INTs)

military, political, economic, social, environmental, health, cultura l intelligence

not all intelligence is only known at highest levels of govt- some is widely
available

5 main ways to collect intelligence

Human Intelligence (HUMINT)

collection of info from human resources
openly (questioning of witnesses of suspects) or
clandestine/covert (espionage)


US borders- FBI's responsibility

outside US- CIA's responsibility
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)

electronics transmissions that can be collected by ships, planes,
ground sites, or satellites

Communication Intelligence (COMINT)- interception of
communications between two parties

satellites built by National Reconnaissance Office

FBI collects SIGINT through authorized wiretaps and other
electronic intercepts of info

Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)

photo intelligence (PHOTINT)

earliest form during Civil War- soldiers sent up in balloons to
gather intelligence about their surroundings

World Wars- both sides took photos from airplanes

National Reconnaissance Office designs, builds, operate imagery
satellites

National Geospatial- Intelligence Agnecy- processing and using
the imagery

Measurement and Signatures Intelligence (MASINT)

weapons' capabilities and industrial activities

advanced processing and use of data gathered from overhead
and airbone IMINT and SIGINT collection systems

Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT)- data relayed by weapons
during tests

Electronic Intelligence (ELINT)- electric emissions picked up
from modern weapons and tracking systems

identify chemical weapons or pinpoint specific features of
unknown weapons systems


Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)

info and sources that are available

info from media

professional and academic records

public data (govt reports, demographics, hearings, speeches, etc)
" Interviewing Saddam." FBI. FBI, n.d. Web. 07 Apr.
2013.http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2008/january/piro012808.

Directorate of Intelligence put into action

George Piro- FBI agent born in Lebanon who escaped with his family when he was 12,
speaks fluent Arabic

assigned to interrogate Saddam Hussein for 7 months to find out what the FBI needed to
know to prosecute him

60 Minutes coverge-->http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=3756675n