MM202 Lecture 3
Racism(s) & discrimination
Multiculturalism In
Western Europe And
North America
Institute Of Western European Studies, FSV UK
Spring
Lecturer: Antonin Mikeš
abtmikes@gmail.com
Reviewdifferent forms of assimilation
Integration Policy- ‘should be’
Obstacles to integrationPolicy level/ governance level
Obstacles arise at high level- dependent
on approach taken.
Methods and Models for inclusion/racism
reduction
Rising Racism
Polarity of terms
Positives
 Social Justice
 Equity
 Equal opportunity
 Inclusion
 Human rights
 Human dignity
 Equality
 Freedom
Negatives
• No justice
• Bias, discrimination
• No opportunity
• Exclusion
• Differential treatment
• Degradation Humiliation
• Partiality
• Slavery, Subjugation
Racism defined….
•
“Racism is an ideology that gives
expression to myths about other racial and
ethnic groups, that devalues and renders
inferior those groups, that reflects and is
perpetuated by deeply rooted historical,
social, cultural and power inequalities in
society.”

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, 1998, Australia
Racism & other -isms

sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia



Neil Thompson
Racism can be defined as an attitude
(ideology) or action (behaviour) that
disadvantages individuals or groups on
the basis of their “racial” inferiority, mainly
by means of limiting their access to scarce
resources.
Racial difference or racial inferiority is
often perceived or constructed in terms of
different culture, ethnicity, religion,
language, etc.
Racism as ideology
1. the so called “scientific racism of the 19th
century”, manifested for example in the
publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995
2. “popular” racism or “common sense” racism that
is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to
believe that one's own cultural paradigm is
universal, neutral and superior to any other
culture
In other words…
Racism
1. Denies
all
difference in the name of
universality of the human nature, but
unconsciously it takes back this universality to
the dominant model;
2. uses the obvious differences to turn them into
instruments of
domination, exploitation,
condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.
Explanations of racism:
1.
•
•
1.
Psychological
”Some people are like that”
Lack of knowledge, ignorance
„To know is to love“
Intergroup relations
”Birds of a feather”
Individuals are racists because the
structures, practices, and values of our
society are racist.
”Its the system”
Racisms – cont.



from violent attacks or scapegoating
to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m.
tendency to deny racism (unacceptable)
two main meanings:
1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority
2) “the whole complex of factors which produce
racial discrimination” and sometimes also
“those which produce racial disadvantage”
Cashmore
Racisms- cont.
„Racism, in short, involves
(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority
(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate“
The Parekh Report, 2000
Attitudes
Behavior
Structures
Prejudice
Discrimination
Inequality
Racisms – cont.
Prejudice
Discrimination
Exclusion
Avoidance or inclusion?
There are differing ways to ‘include’ the other
Differing methods
How states include the other is dependent on
their approach- Models
• Assimilationist model
• Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model
• Equity/Rights Model
What countries have done

Differing countries have followed differing
methods to ‘include’ different groups.
 Assimilation
 Cultural
pluralism– middle ground?
 Segregation
 Inclusion – middle ground?
 Pluralism
Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck)
assimilation is possible
yes
assimilation
is required
no
yes
no
compulsory
assimilation
racist
double-bind
France?
Germany?
Pluralism
Segregation
Canada?
South Africa?
In the past
3 Differing Models
• Assimilationist model
• Assimilation
• Inclusion
• Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model
• Pluralism
• Equity/Rights Model
• Anti discriminatory
Assimilationist model
DIFFERENCE
DEFICIT
ASSIMILATION
COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMES
Does the individual fit
into the System or ‘Institution’?
Curriculum (Multiculturalism)
model
Cultural Effects
CULTURES
LIFESTYLES
ATTITUDES
PLURALIST
TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
Does the organisation of this ‘institution’
recognise Diversity ?
Equity/Rights Model
Social and Political Effects
EQUITY
PARTICIPATION
ANTIDISCRIMINATORY
LIFE CHANCES
Are people enabled in this ‘institution’?
Do the structures allow for
achievement, growth and opportunities?
Solutions to Racism…

What are some solutions to racism?
Discrimination?
 Is
there a simple answer?
 People hold prejudices, do you?
 Can you come up with some solutions?
For next week please read the DIRECTIVE
and accompanying cases