Expansion of Suffrage (1820s-’40s):

Between 1820 - 1840 the U.S. experienced an enormous growth in suffrage o Some universal manhood suffrage; widespread _____________________ qualifications o By 1840, more than 90% of adult white males in the nation could vote
 In 1800, less than half adult white male population could vote

Driving forces: o Westward expansion; _____________________ for votes; War of 1812

Had its limits: blacks still overwhelmingly barred from voting and women entirely barred
Suffrage, Today:

America has one of the _____________________ voter turnouts among the world’s established democracies

2012 presidential election: just over half of those eligible to vote, voted

2014 Congressional elections: about 35% of those eligible to vote, voted

Some Americans don’t even know what _____________________ means (see video)…
Describe your reaction to the video clip below:
Election of 1824:
 Four candidates ran in 1824, all under the banner of the _____________________ Party o John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, from MA (identified with New England) o William Crawford, Secretary of Treasury, from GA (identified with the South) o Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, from KY (identified with the West) o Andrew Jackson of _____________________ fame, popular among the common man, from TN (identified with the
West but also garnered national support due to his military accomplishments)
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
Jackson won both the popular vote and the _____________________ vote
(Adams came in _____________________ for both) o States began counting the popular vote at this time (though it had no effect on the outcome of the election), highlighting the growing importance of the “common man”

Since no candidate had a _____________________ of electoral votes, the election was decided among the top 3 by the _____________________ o Since Clay came in 4 th , he was no longer in the running

Adams emerged the victor
“The Corrupt _____________________”:

Clay, as Speaker of the House, lobbied for Adams o As Speaker, he had every right to advise the members of Congress to vote for John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson

Once Adams won, Clay was appointed _____________________, which was viewed as the stepping-stone to the presidency o Jackson’s supporters quickly cried corruption
 Immediately began their campaign to wrest the presidency from Adams in 1828
 Their contention of corruption would _____________________ Adams’ term
JQA: A Background:

Is often regarded as one of the best diplomats and secretaries of state in American history o Negotiated Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 (was a diplomat in Europe for years) o As Secretary of State:
 Brokered naval and boundary agreements with Britain
 Achieved acquisition of _____________________ from Spain 1819
 Architect of _____________________ Doctrine
JQA as President:

During his presidency, many of his proposals (especially those on education, arts, and sciences) were killed by a hostile
Congress, dominated by _____________________ supporters

Did not face any foreign policy issues; any potential problems had been resolved by his own diplomacy under
_____________________

Adams worked on transforming America into a world power through the “American system” o Funded internal _____________________; increased _____________________ to promote industry; maintained the national bank
 Tariff increasingly unpopular in the South: 1828 tariff called the “Tariff of Abominations”
 Adams lost popularity with his elitist, outdated attitude and when he urged honest negotiations with Indians
 Lack of patronage networks helped politicians eager to undercut him o Like his father, JQA refused to play politics; did not court political support o Lost 1828 bid for re-election to _____________________ o Like his father, JQA did not attend his successor’s inauguration

Following defeat, was elected a U.S. Representative, where he was a leading _____________________ of slavery for 17 years
Jacksonian “Democrats”:
 Jackson and supporters dropped the “Republicans” in Democratic-Republicans and became simply _____________________” in election of 1828

Decisive victory for the “common man”

Nicknamed “_____________________” by opponents o Ignored Supreme Court’s decision in Worcester (1832) o Destroyed Second Bank of the United States o _____________________ and Kitchen Cabinet o Strengthened executive at expense of legislature/judicial
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Nullification Crisis, 1828-1832:

Tariffs had been implemented under the _____________________ starting in 1816 o _____________________ opposed while the _____________________ supported

Increased in 1828 under JQA (“Tariff of Abominations”)

Tariff of ‘32 decreased ’28 tariff slightly, but not enough for Southerners

South Carolina, under guidance of VP (!)_____________________, reacted with the nullification theory o Right of a state to declare a federal law null and to refuse to enforce it within a state

In response to the challenge from SC, Jackson passed the _____________________

Authorized the federal government to collect the tariff in SC at _____________________ if necessary
 At the same time, Jackson asked Congress to adjust the tariff to appease SC
 Tariff Act of 1833 was accepted by SC

Jackson favored _____________________ rights on this issue
Indian Removal, 1830-1838:

In the Southwest, the “Five Civilized Tribes” were under constant pressure from white settlers

Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which gave him the power to
________________________ west of the Mississippi if they would go nicely

Approximately ___________________ Indians relocated during Jackson’s administration
 Meanwhile, GA’s state legislature passed many laws invalidating Cherokee nation land claims and sovereignty and devised a state lottery for Cherokee lands

Cherokees fought GA through the court system
 In _______________________ (’32) the Court ruled: o Cherokees were a sovereign community o GA laws had no force on Cherokee land o States had no authority over Indian affairs (only federal gov. did – consistent with Marshall Court nationalist rulings)
 GA ignored the decision, which constituted a _____________________________ to federal authority, but this time, had
Jackson’s support

Trail of Tears resulted in thousands of deaths
The Economy:

Jackson _________________________ notion of coordinated economic planning by government
 Tended to reject acts in line with the American System o Killed the Bank o Refused __________________________ for any internal improvements
 Initiative passed to the states and private developers, often leading to financial chaos
 Decentralization efforts helped bring about the Panic of 1837
 Finished paying off the national debt
The Bank War, 1832-1834:

Jackson felt that the national bank put too much power in the hands of a small elite that was _________________________ to the electorate

His opponents, who thought his animosity to the bank would hand them a political victory, brought the issue of re-chartering the bank to Congress in ’32, 4 years before the charter was set to expire, thinking his veto would weaken reelection chances

Their plan didn’t work: Jackson’s angry ____________________________ played well with the voters and he won reelection

“Killed” the bank and transferred the funds to _____________________, resulting in his Senate censure and economic chaos
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Jackson’s Role in the Panic of 1837:

Jackson’s actions led to an increase in the circulation of paper money, which led to inflation
 To counter rising inflation, Jackson issued the __________________________: government would accept payment for public lands only in hard currency, which resulted in a shortage of funds

Foreign investors, affected by a world recession, called in American loans and stopped investing in the U.S.

Sharp contraction of credit led to the Panic and a 6-year recession that would haunt the _________________ administration
The Second Party System (____________________)
Democrats Whigs
Jackson often referred to the Bank of the United States as the “Monster Bank,” thus the depiction here of the bank as a serpent. All the various heads represent the various branch banks of the Bank of the United States that existed in the various states around the country. The gentlemen in the top hat is Nicholas Biddle, president of the bank and arch nemesis of Jackson. In this cartoon, Jackson is slaying the monster bank by vetoing the re-charter bill and then removing the deposits, the idea being that he will slowly kill off all of the various hydras. At one point, Jackson allegedly said to his [second] vice president, "Mr. Van Buren, the bank is trying to kill me.
But, I will kill it."
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