I’m referencing a poem called Alone by Maya
Angelou.
 On the Works Cited List I will have a citation that
looks like this:
Angelou, Maya. “Alone.” Echoes 12. Eds. John
Kinglsey et al. Toronto: Penguin Press, 2001. Print.
 However, in the essay I am just putting a
symbol/abbreviation to help the reader find that
information on the big Works Cited list.
 So all I need is the abbreviation- the author’s last
name and the line or page number:
She states “I am lost” (Angelou 2).

If you are doing a film, there is no author.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Dir. Michel Gondry. Perf. Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet,
Elijah Wood, Thomas Jay Ryan, Mark Ruffalo, Kirsten Dundst, Tom Wilkinson.
Focus Features, 2004. DVD.

If you are doing a website sometimes there is an author and sometimes there isn’t.
“Literary Career.” The Victorian Web. 10 November 2010. 13 February 2014.
Web.<http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/victorian/authors/c
rossetti/rossetti5.html >.

So in these cases you use the title or an abbreviation of the title in your citation:
(Eternal).
(Literary Career).
Note that these examples don’t have page numbers either so you leave those blank.

This terrible tragedy causes Jack’s entire world to
come crashing down around him in a cacophony
of suffering and pain. His perceptions about
himself are greatly altered, as he inflicts great
mental punishment upon himself for this accident.
We are told, “He was incapable of love, he told
himself, striking the steering wheel. He was
inherently bad, a spiritual defective. He was evil”
(Gardner 1). This self- punishment and harsh
judgment of oneself can seriously damage a person
permanently. Jack knows he needs something to
pull him out of his figurative hell, to save him
from the torment that is killing his spirit.
Three Lines or Less
This demonstrates that Hamlet has a great capacity for love and emotion. His distraught behavior
shows that he is susceptible to human emotion and isn’t cold hearted. Hamlet, overwhelmed by his
emotions wishes to escape the pain and heal his emotional wounds with the help of time. However,
his need is ignored when King Claudius states “Do I impart toward you, For your intent/In going
back to school in Wittenberg/Is most retrograde to our desire” (Shakespeare I.ii.112-114). Claudius
sees Hamlet’s mourning as dangerous and wants to watch him. He also criticizes him and tells him to
respond like a ‘man’ should. As a result, Hamlet is unable to repair his spirits and instead grows more
miserable. His emotion is seen as weakness s and unmanly and therefore he is a product of gender
restriction. Hamlet becomes increasingly unhealthy and his resulting actions change him from being
moral and sympathetic to being dramatically altered by mores and the people who surround him.

Three Lines or More
This demonstrates that Hamlet has a great capacity for love and emotion. His distraught behavior
shows that he is susceptible to human emotion and isn’t cold hearted. Hamlet, overwhelmed by his
emotions wishes to escape the pain and heal his emotional wounds with the help of time. However,
his need is Ignored when King Claudius states
My Will
Do I impart toward you, For your intent
In going back to school in Wittenberg
Is most retrograde to our desire. (Shakespeare I.ii.112-114)
Claudius sees Hamlet’s mourning as dangerous and wants to watch him. He also criticizes him and
tells him to respond like a ‘man’ should. As a result, Hamlet is unable to repair his spirits and instead
grows more miserable. His emotion is seen as weakness s and unmanly and therefore he is a product
of gender restriction. Hamlet becomes increasingly unhealthy and his resulting actions change him
from being moral and sympathetic to being dramatically altered by mores and the people who
surround him.

NO:
By examining Scout’s perspective on empathy, we see the novel’s overall message on the power of empathy
to do good. Scout first learns empathy in her relationship with Ms. Caroline. When Scout complains to
Atticus about how Ms. Caroline is treating her. “sometimes you have to put yourself in a person’s skin and
walk in it” (Lee 34). This lesson changes Scout’s perspective on Ms. Caroline because she starts to imagine the
reasons for her actions and this changes Scout’s behaviour.

YES:
By examining Scout’s perspective on empathy, we see the novel’s overall message on the power of empathy
to do good. Scout first learns empathy in her relationship with Ms. Caroline. When Scout complains to
Atticus about how Ms. Caroline is treating her, he replies saying “sometimes you have to put yourself in a
person’s skin and walk in it” (Lee 34). This lesson changes Scout’s perspective on Ms. Caroline because she
starts to imagine the reasons for her actions and this changes Scout’s behaviour. We then see Scout’s
classmates comforting Ms. Caroline when she cries after Burris Ewell calls her inappropriate names. Empathy
allows the students to do something good for their teacher. Another example of empathy in the novel is when
Scout meets Atticus in front of Maycomb’s jail as he is surrounded by the lynch mob. When she sees Mr.
Cunningham, she puts herself in his shows and speaks to him about something he cares for saying, “hey Mr.
Cunningham […] I go with Walter to school […] entailments are bad” (Lee 78). Here we see Scout
sympathizing for Mr. Cunningham and this leads him to leave Atticus and not hurt him, because Scout’s
empathy creates empathy in Mr. Cunningham. This shows us that empathy is effective and that the author
wants us to see how powerful it can be. Finally, we see Atticus displaying empathy when he doesn’t take
revenge after Bob Ewell spits in his face. When Atticus comes home he simply says “I wish Bob Ewell never
drank” (Lee 100). Here we see Atticus appreciating the misery and poverty Bob Ewell is living in and so he
chooses not to fight back. The theme of empathy not only shapes Scout’s character, but as Scout learns about
empathy, we see the power it has to do good in the corrupt town of Maycomb.


Author. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,
Date. Text Type.
Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. Oxford and New
York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.
Short Stories and Poems found in an anthology:
Author. “Title of story/poem.” Title of Anthology.
Editor (Ed. Or Eds. Abbreviation). Place of
Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages (Pp. Abbreviation).
Text type.
EG)

Birdsell, Sandra. “Flowers for Weddings and
Funerals.” Making a Difference: Canadian Multicultural
Literature. Ed. Smaro Kamboureli. Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. 387-402.
Print.
If there are several places of publishing: Three and under, list them all.
More than three, list the first two.
If there are several editors: Three and under, list them all. More than
three, list the first editor and then write “et al”.
Rossetti, Christina. “Goblin Market.” The Harbrace Anthology of Literature.
Ed. Jon C. Stott et al. Toronto and New York: Nelson Thomson
Learning, 2002. Pp. 194-208. Print.

Title. Dir (Director Abbreviation). Perf
(Performers Abbrviation). Studio, Year.
EG)
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Dir.
Michel Gondry. Perf. Jim Carrey, Kate
Winslet, Elijah Wood, Thomas Jay Ryan,
Mark Ruffalo, Kirsten Dundst, Tom
Wilkinson. Focus Features, 2004. DVD.
Author. “Web Page Title”. Web Site Title.
Date Last Updated. Date Accessed. Web.
<URL>.
EG)
Cody, David. “Christina Rossetti’s Literary
Career.” The Victorian Web. 10 November
2010. 13 February 2014. Web.
<http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/
victorian/authors/crossetti/rossetti5.html >.



The citations are listed in alphabetical order.
Citations are single spaced.
Works Cited
Birdsell, Sandra. “Flowers for Weddings and Funerals.” Making
a Difference: Canadian Multicultural Literature. Ed. Smaro
Kamboureli. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Pp. 387-402. Print.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. Dir. Michel Gondry. Perf.
Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet, Elijah Wood, Thomas Jay Ryan,
Mark Ruffalo, Kirsten Dundst, Tom Wilkinson. Focus
Features, 2004. DVD.
Rossetti, Christina. “Goblin Market.” The Harbrace Anthology of
Literature. Ed. Jon C. Stott et al. Toronto: Nelson
Thomson Learning, 2002. Pp. 194-208. Print.
In your writing for this class, always write in present verb
tense:
Not:
Pi survived because he was able to face his fears and use them
to keep his body and mind active. He tells us “[o]nly death
consistently excites your emotions, whether contemplating it
when life is safe and stale, or fleeing it when life is threatened
and precious” (Martel 241).

Instead:
Pi survives because he is able to face his fears and use them to
keep his body and mind active. He tells us “[o]nly death
consistently excites your emotions, whether contemplating it
when life is safe and stale, or fleeing it when life is threatened
and precious” (Martel 241).
To Quote is the Verb, Quotation is the Noun
So…
Not:
We see in the following quote

Instead:
We see in the following quotation

Ensure your verbs and subjects agree
Not:
 Everyone get out their books
 A person is born with a sex, but their gender is
defined by society
 There is many reasons why the character
cannot stand up to his mother
Review Apostrophes:
Sams shoes are over there
Desk’s are for sitting in not standing on
Its raining outside
The dog put it’s paws on the rug
Your going to have to redo that assignment



Review Semicolons vs. Colons
In Slumdog Millionaire Jamal continually runs
from his fears through most to the film; often
turns to Salim for help even when its not the
best decision: as we see after Salim kills
Maman and claims Latika.