Unit 4
THE NEW REPUBLIC
1
Chapter 8
REPUBLICAN ASCENDENCY: THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION
2
Republican Identities In a New Republic
• An age of rapid population growth
• 7.2 million in 1810; 2 million more than in 1800
• 20% black slaves
• Children under sixteen the largest single group
• Strong regional identities facilitated by transportation
improvements and motivated by defensiveness
• Early secession movements threatened national unity
3
North America in 1800
4
Native American Resistance
• Settlers bought land fraudulently
• Native Americans resisted
•
•
Tecumseh led Shawnee; defeated in War of 1812
Creek defeated by Andrew Jackson at Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
• Jefferson wanted Native Americans moved
west of Mississippi and to become yeoman
farmers with help of federal Indian agents
5
Commercial Life in the Cities
• U.S. economy based on agriculture and trade
(84% of population in agriculture)
• American shipping prospered, 1793–1807
• Commerce preferred, manufacturing seen as too
risky
• Samuel Slater an exception - invented the
cotton mill
• Industrialization and mechanization just
beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen
• Why?
6
Jefferson as President
• Jefferson’s personal style
• Despised ceremonies and formality
• Dedicated to intellectual pursuits
• Jefferson’s goals as president
• Reduce size and cost of government
• Repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Act
• Keep U.S. out of war
• REFORMS:
• Cutting federal debt a priority
• Tax system re-structured, direct taxes eliminated, federal revenue from
customs
• Military cut substantially
• Federalists fell apart!
7
The Louisiana Purchase
• Spain gave Louisiana to France, New
Orleans closed to American ships
• Jefferson saw New Orleans as vital to U.S.
• Sent James Monroe to negotiate its purchase
• Importance: it would help make America a firstrank power
• Constitution vague on power to acquire land
inhabited by foreigners
• Louisiana’s French and Spanish inhabitants unfamiliar with
Republican principles
• Louisiana Government Act denied Louisiana self-rule
• Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism
8
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Lewis and Clark Expedition
commissioned prior to purchase of
Louisiana
• Goal to find if Missouri River goes
to Pacific and to explore flora and
fauna
• Sacagawea critical in helping expedition
deal with nature and Native Americans
whom they encountered
• Jefferson receives affirmation!
9
Conflict with the Barbary States
• North African states demanded
tribute from ships sailing in
Mediterranean
• Jefferson refused and dispatched
U.S. fleet to intimidate Barbary
states
• U.S. finally forced negotiation
with a blockade
• Jefferson won re-election
overwhelmingly
10
The Election of 1804
11
Attack on Judges
• Judiciary Act of 1801 - created new circuit courts filled with loyal Federalists
• “Midnight judges”
• 1802—Jeffersonians repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 to abolish courts and save money
• Federalists charged violation of judges’ constitutional right of tenure
•
•
•
•
Marbury v. Madison (1803) ruled Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship
Republicans claimed victory
Chief Justice John Marshall ensured Federalist influence through JUDICIAL
REVIEW
12
• People becoming concerned over Judicial impeachments
Marbury v. Madison
• Why did Jefferson not
deliver the
commissions?
• Why was the Supreme
Court suspended for a
year?
• What was John
Marshall’s dilemma?
• What was the problem
with the writ of
mandamus?
• What is Judicial
Review? Why is it so
important?
13
The Curious Career of Aaron Burr
• 1804 - Burr sought Federalist support in New
York governor’s race
• Alexander Hamilton blocked Burr’s efforts
• Burr killed Hamilton in a duel
• Burr fled West after Hamilton duel
• Schemed to invade Spanish territory, separate
Louisiana from U.S.
• Burr arrested, tried for treason
• Precedent made it difficult for
presidents to use charge of treason as a
political tool, especially hearsay and
circumstantial evidence
14
The Slave Trade
• Constitution had said Congress could consider banning
importation of slaves after 1808
• Jefferson asked for and Congress approved such a ban
• Sectional conflict over what to do with captured slaves
• Northerners could not agree
• Southerners demanded states regulate slavery
• Law said states deal with captured smuggled slaves
15
Embarrassments Overseas
• 1803—England and France resumed war
• American ships subject to seizure
• Chesapeake vs. Leopard: public demanded war
• America ill-prepared for war
• EMBARGO of 1807 – EPIC FAIL
• 1807—Congress prohibited U.S. ships from leaving port
• Purpose: to win English, French respect for American rights
• Embargo unpopular at home
•
•
•
Detailed government oversight of commerce
Army suppressed smuggling
New England economy damaged
16
Election of 1808
17
A New Administration Goes to War
• 1808—James Madison elected president
• 1809—Embargo repealed in favor of Non-Intercourse Act
• U.S. would resume trade with England and France on promise to
cease seizure of U.S. vessels
• British official promised to comply
• Napoleon promised to observe U.S. rights but reneged when trade re-opened
• Frontier people believed British were encouraging Tecumseh, but
he was defeated at Battle of Tippecanoe, forcing him to turn to
Britain
• Congressional War Hawks demanded war with England to preserve
American honor
• British repealed Orders-in-Council as Madison was asking for
declaration of war
• War aims somewhat vague
• Election of 1812 showed division over war
18
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Election of 1812
19
War of 1812
• Americans unprepared for war
•
•
•
•
Congress refused to raise wartime taxes
New England refused to support war effort
United States Army small
State militias inadequate
• Most attacks against Canada failed
• Two key exceptions in 1813:
• Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Great Lakes for U.S. in Battle of Put-In Bay
• William Henry Harrison defeated British and Indians at Battle of Thames
20
Three-Pronged English Attack, 1814
• British invasion of New York from Canada
stopped at Lake Champlain
• Campaign in the Chesapeake
• Washington, D.C. burned in retaliation for
American burning of York earlier
• Baltimore saved by defense of Fort
McHenry
• Attempt to capture New Orleans thwarted by
Andrew Jackson, January - 1815
• War already over, communication lag
• Gave Americans source of pride
• Made Jackson a national hero
21
War of 1812
22
War Comes to an End
Hartford Convention
Federalists convened in December, 1814
Proposed constitutional changes to lessen power of South and West
Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Orleans made Convention appear
disloyal
• Federalist party never recovered
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Treaty of Ghent – December 24, 1814
Most problems left unaddressed
Senate unanimously ratified Treaty of Ghent
Americans portrayed it as victory and it stimulated American
nationalism
23
Republican Legacy
• Founders began to pass away in 1820s
• Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died July 4, 1826
• James Madison died in 1836 despairing that slavery’s
continuation undermined legacy of republican egalitarianism of
Founders
24
CHAPTER 9
Nation Building and Nationalism
25
Expansion and Migration
• American perspective shifted from Europe to West after 1815
• Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817
• U.S. recognized Canada as British; British agreed not to invade U.S.
• Anglo-American Convention of 1818
• 49th parallel boundary between U.S. and Canada
• Joint occupation of Oregon
• Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians
26
Taking Spanish Lands
• West Florida annexed, 1810–1812
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams’ goal was reduction of Spanish holdings
• First Seminole War, 1818
• Andrew Jackson occupied east Florida
• Weakened Spain accepted Adams-Onis Treaty
• U.S. got all Florida
• U.S.-Spanish boundary to Pacific
• U.S. paid $5 million in Spanish debts to Americans
27
The Oregon Country
• John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company in Oregon and
St. Louis
• “Mountain men” like Kit Carson and Jim Beckwourth roamed
through Plains and Rockies, fueling romantic myths
• Military expeditions created impression that Plains were “great
American desert” unfit for settlement
28
North America, 1819
29
Native American Societies Under
Pressure
CHEROKEE
• “Five Civilized Tribes” (60,000 strong) controlled
much of South
• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek,
and Seminole
• Cherokee largest of “Five Civilized Tribes”
SEMINOLE
• Seminole smallest of “Five Civilized
Tribes”
• Combination of Florida natives with
Creeks and escaped slaves
• Seminole slavery was more payment of
tribute than ownership of humans
• John Ross led move to accommodate Americans
• Cherokee became market economy farmers and
plantation owners
• Adopted Constitution of Republican government
• Sequoyah created alphabet for Cherokee language
• Second Seminole War was example of
Seminole resistance
• War described as “a negro and not an
Indian war”
30
Indian Removal
• State governments claimed jurisdiction over lands given to Native Americans
by treaty
• Black Hawk’s War (1831–1832) was last stand of Native Americans north
of Ohio River and east of Mississippi River
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• Federal government used deception, threats, and bribery to get
Native Americans to cede land
• By 1830s, idea that Native Americans should be moved West even
if they assimilated was dominant view
31
Mississippi and the Frontier
• By 1840, over one-third of the U.S. population lived west of the
Appalachians
• Settlers brought existing culture with them
• Myth: self-reliant family farms
• Reality: cooperation and community efforts
• Many families moved frequently in West
• Abraham Lincoln’s family moved three times between 1816–1830
• Result was less attachment to land than other rural populations
• Easterners saw West as untamed
• James Fennimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales
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• New settlers engaged in commercial farming
• Had to pay off debt
• Allowed them to buy consumer goods they did not produce
32
Revolution and Transportation
• After the War of 1812, political leaders
recognized the need to improve the
country’s transportation network
• National leaders like Madison and
Calhoun called for “internal
improvements”
• National Road from Cumberland, Maryland,
eventually to Vandalia, Illinois
• Turnpikes – what are they? What was
the problem with them?
• Water most efficient for bulk cargo transportation
• Robert Fulton - Steamboats transported upriver
after 1811
• What were the positives? What were the
negatives?
33
The Canal Boom
• Canals needed to link West with coast
• Erie Canal, 1825
• New York Governor Dewitt Clinton
got state funding
• Canal linked New York City to Great
Lakes at Buffalo, through Albany
• Canal cut east-west transportation
costs dramatically
• Canal stimulated commercial
growth of New York City
• Other states followed until 1840s, when
canal deemed unprofitable, but useful
34
The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture
• Market stimulated specialization
•
•
North produced wheat
Lower South produced cotton
• Increased cotton demand from New England textile factories
• Eli Whitney and the cotton gin
• How did this effect southern agriculture
• New, fertile land available in old Southwest
• Slavery permitted large-scale operation
35
Commerce and Banking
• Old style farmer sold crop directly
• New style farmer sold to local merchant; local merchant sold to final
market
• Use of credit stimulated banking
• Federal government issued too little money, private banks issued bank
notes
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• System required farmers and local merchants to have credit
• State banks increased after 1812
• 1816—Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks
• Bank’s easy credit sparked Panic of 1819
36
Early Industrialism
• “Putting-out” system
• What was this?
• After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass
production
• Textile industry = development of factory
system
• New England politicians support higher tariffs
• Why?
• Other industries adopted factory model
by 1840s and 1850s
• U.S. not yet an industrial country, but
was evolving national market economy
• Lowell Mills – Lowell, Massachusetts
• How did the dawn of the
Industrial Revolution change
wardrobes in America?
• What effect did this have on the
women who worked in the Mills?
37
The Politics of Nation Building
• Interest groups no longer took differences into the political
arena; public interest in politics declined
• Common theme of public policy in this period: “awakening
nationalism”
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• “Era of Good Feelings,” 1816–1824
• Politics a one-party system
38
Republicans in Power
• Federalists died as national party after 1812, but Republicans
adopted some of their ideas
•
•
•
High tariffs to protect industries that sprang up in embargo and war
Second Bank of the U.S.
Federal aid for internal improvements
• Aid for internal improvements controversial
•
•
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• Henry Clay’s American System, 1816
Sectional conflict over who benefited
Madison, Monroe saw constitutional conflicts
39
Monroe as President
• “Virginia Dynasty”
• Monroe sought national harmony,
an “era of good feelings”
• Provided no leadership
controversy over Missouri
40
Missouri Compromise of 1820
 What were the issues at hand?
 Why were these such important issues?
 SOLUTION:
Maine will be admitted as a free state
Missouri will be admitted as a slave state
 This keeps the balance at 12:12.
 Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the northernmost boundary of
slavery
 True compromise: nobody very happy with result!
 Despite conflict over slavery, NATIONALISM prevails, for now.
 How does this show the growing abolition movement in the North?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html#
• “...but this momentous question, like a fire bell in the night,
awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the
knell of the Union. it is hushed indeed for the moment. but this is a
reprieve only, not a final sentence. a geographical line, coinciding
with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and
held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated;
and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.”
43
Jefferson’s Reaction
Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
• John Marshall, Chief Justice, 1801–1835
• Most dominant chief justice ever
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
• What did this case say?
• McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
• Implied powers doctrine
• States cannot tax or regulate federal agencies
• “Power to tax is power to destroy”!
• Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
• Federal regulation of interstate commerce trumps state regulation
• Summary of Marshall’s Court actions
• Broadened powers of federal government at the expense of states
• Encouraged growth of a national economy
44
Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. sympathized with Latin American revolts
• “Grand Alliance” of Europe saw Latin American revolts as
democratic challenges to authoritarianism
• Monroe persuaded by John Quincy Adams that U.S. alone must
protect Latin American independence
• Why?
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• U.S. opposed European expansion to the Western Hemisphere
• U.S. would not interfere in European affairs
• Largely dismissed by Europeans
• Signified America’s new sense of independence and self-confidence
45
Chapter 10
The Triumph of White Men’s
Democracy
46
Democracy and Society
• Egalitarian expectations despite growing economic inequality
• No distinctive domestic servant class
• No class distinctions in dress
• Economic gap widened between propertied and labor classes; this was
overlooked because legal equality of all white men still radical by European
standards
47
Politics of Universal Male Suffrage
• Most states adopted universal white male suffrage by the 1820s
• Many appointed offices made elective
• Democracy spread to presidency
• Most presidential electors chosen by popular vote rather state
legislature by 1828
• Participation rates rose from 27% in early 1820s to high of 78% in
1840
48
Economic Issues and Labor Radicalism
• Interest in government economic policy intensified after 1819
• Political activity and debate around economic issues foreshadowed
rise of parties based around economic programs
• Jacksonians fear of “the money power”
• Working men’s parties and trade unions emerged in the 1820s and 1830s to protect
equal rights that appeared to be eroding because of low wages
• They advocated public education reform, a ten-hour workday, an end to
debtors’ prisons, and hard currency
• They made some gains but were set back by the Depression of 1837
• The women’s rights movement and abolitionists made little progress
49
Jackson and the Politics of Democracy
• Jackson became a symbol of democracy’s triumph
• Actions of Jackson and his party refashioned national politics in a democratic
mold
• Era known as “Jacksonian Democracy”
50
Election of 1824 and JQA’s Administration
• Jackson appealed to slaveholders and rural
people opposed to Clay’s economic
nationalism
• Jackson got plurality of popular and electoral
vote, but not a majority
• Adams won in House of Representatives with
Henry Clay’s support
• CORRUPT BARGAIN!
• Clay supports JQA, Clay becomes
Secretary of State
51
• “Tariff of Abominations” in 1828
Jackson comes to power
• “Corrupt Bargain” set motivation for
1828 election
• These efforts led to formation of Democratic
party, first modern American party
• Campaign dominated by personal attacks and
mudslinging
• Jackson = Man of the people!
• Jackson’s democratic stamp on his
administration
• Defended “spoils system” as democratic
• Replaced most of cabinet because of Peggy Eaton
affair
52
TRAIL OF TEARS
• Jackson agreed with state complaints that
federal government had not removed Indians
quickly enough
• Some southern states asserted authority over
Indians in their borders
• Jackson got federal government approval for
state removal initiatives with Indian Removal
Act of 1830
• 1838—U.S. Army forced Cherokee west along the
Trail of Tears
53
Nullification Crisis
• South opposed Tariff of Abominations because it increased prices for
manufactured goods and endangered their access to foreign markets
• Doctrine of Nullification - John C. Calhoun
• right of an individual state to set aside state law
• 1830—Jefferson Day Dinner
• Jackson “to the union—it must be preserved”
• Calhoun “to the union—next to our liberty, the most dear”
• 1832—tariff passed, South Carolina nullified
• Compromise
• Force Bill authorized Jackson to use military to enforce federal law
• Clay’s Compromise Tariff of 1833 lowered rates
• IMPORTANT: Nullification foreshadowed state sovereignty positions of
the South in slavery debates
54
THE BANK WAR
• “The Bank War” a symbolic defense of
Jacksonian concept of democracy
•
•
Formation of opposition party to
Jackson— the Whigs
Economic disruption
• Jeffersonians  unconstitutional and a
preserve of corrupt special privilege
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• Led to two important results:
• Bank possessed great power and
privilege with no public accountability
57
BANK VETO AND ELECTION OF 1832
• On advice of Clay, Biddle sought new
charter four years early in 1832
•
•
Claimed the bank was
unconstitutional
Defended veto as a blow for equality
• Jacksonian victory in 1832 spelled bank’s
doom
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• Congress passed, but Jackson vetoed
58
59
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KILLING THE BANK
• Jackson destroyed bank by
removing federal deposits
• Biddle used his powers
to cause recession,
attempted to blame
Jackson
• Destruction of bank
provoked fears of
dictatorship, cost Jackson
support in Congress
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• Funds transferred to state
(“pet”) banks
60
THE WHIGS
•
•
•
•
Clay and National Republicans
Webster and New England ex-Federalists
States-rights southerners
Anti-Masonic party
• Democrats weakened by
• Defection of Loco-Focos faction upset over pet banks
• Specie Circular led to the Panic of 1837
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• Whig party a coalition of forces, first united in
censure of Jackson
61
62
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MARTIN VAN BUREN
• Term began with Panic of 1837
• Panic caused more by complex changes in
global economy than Jackson’s fiscal
policy
• Laissez-faire philosophy prevented Van Buren from
helping to solve the problems of economic distress
• Why?
• Van Buren attempted to save government
funds with independent sub-treasuries
63
64
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WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON
• Whigs fully organized by 1840
• Why did they pick him over Clay?
• Image built of a common man who had been
born in a log cabin
• Running mate John Tyler chosen to attract
votes from states-rights Democrats
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• Whig candidate William Henry Harrison
• They wanted to revive the American
System!
65
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”
66
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SECOND PARTY SYSTEM
• Election of 1840 marked rise of permanent two-party system in the U.S.
• Whigs
• Industrialists, merchants, successful farmers, more likely Protestant
• Democrats
• Small farmers, manufacturing, more likely Catholic
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• Whigs and Democrats evenly divided the electorate for next two decades
67
Slaves and Masters
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CHAPTER 11
68
Life of Southern Blacks
• Constant resistance of Southern ideology, repression
• 90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms
• Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sun up to sun down, 6 days a week
• About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry
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• Constant aspiration to freedom
• Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves
69
Family and Religion
• Normal family life difficult for slaves
•
•
Fathers cannot always protect children
Families vulnerable to breakup by masters
• Slave culture a family culture that provided a
sense of community
• Black Christianity the cornerstone of an
emerging African American culture
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• Extended families provide nurture,
support amid horror of slavery
• Slave religion kept secret from whites
•
•
Reaffirmed the inherent joy of life
Preached the inevitable day of liberation
70
Resistance and Rebellion
• 1822: Denmark Vesey – Free black man
• Well-planned conspiracy for slaves to seize
armory and then take Charleston slaves
• 1831: Nat Turner led bloodiest and most
terrifying slave revolt
• Runaways often aided by the Underground
Railroad
FREE BLACKS IN THE SOUTH:
• Work-related:
• Southern free blacks severely
restricted
• Sense of solidarity with slaves
• Generally unable to help
•
•
•
Work slowdowns
Sabotage
Poison masters
• Stories, songs asserting equality
• By 1860, some state
legislatures were proposing
laws to force free blacks to
emigrate or be enslaved
71
Slave Rebellions and Uprisings, 1800–1831
72
Southern Planters
• Only a small percentage of slave owners lived in
aristocratic mansions
• Less than 1% of the white population owned 50 or more
slaves
• Planter wealth based on:
• Commerce
• Land speculation
• Slave trading
• Cotton planting
• Planters prided themselves on paternalism
• Better living standard for Southern slaves than others in
Western Hemisphere
• Relatively decent treatment due in part to their increasing
economic value after 1808
• Planters actually dealt little with slaves
• Slaves managed by overseers
• Violent coercion accepted by all planters
73
Small Slaveholders/Yeoman Farmers
• Masters often worked alongside the slaves
• Most slaves would have preferred the economic and cultural
stability of the plantation
• Small farmers resented large planters
• Many saw slavery as guaranteeing their own liberty and
independence
• Slavery viewed as a system for keeping blacks “in their
place”
74
A Closed Mind and a Closed Society
• Planters feared growth of abolitionism
• Planters encouraged closing of ranks
• Slavery defended as a positive good
• “The Blessings of Slavery” and “The Stability of the Union”
• Africans depicted as inferior
• Slavery defended with Bible
• Slavery a humane asylum to improve Africans
• Slavery superior to Northern wage labor
• Contrary points of view suppressed
75
Slave Concentration, 1820
76
“King Cotton”
• “Short-staple” cotton drove cotton boom
• Cotton gin made seed extraction easy – Eli Whitney
• Year-round requirements suited to slave labor
• Cotton in Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, east Texas
• Large planters dominated cotton production
Harriet Tubman
• 1850: South produced 75% of world’s cotton,
cotton the most important U.S. business
• UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
77
Slave Concentration, 1860
78
Worlds in Conflict
• Slavery not profitable for South as a whole
• Slave system resulted in waste of human resources, Southern underdevelopment
• Separate Southern worlds
•
•
•
•
Planters
Slaves
Less affluent whites
Free blacks
• Held together by plantation economy, web of customary relationships
79
The Pursuit of Perfection
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CHAPTER 12
80
The Second Great Awakening
• Camp meetings contributed to
frontier life
•
•
Provided emotional religion
Offered opportunity for
social life
• Camp meeting revivals
conveyed intensely
personal religious
message
• Camp meetings rarely led to
social reform
North
• Charles G. Finney
• “Rochester Revival”
• Departed radically from
Calvinist doctrine
• Appeal based in emotion,
not reason
• Lyman Beecher and
others were disturbed
by the emotionalism of
Finney’s methods
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The Frontier
• Revivals led to
organization of more
churches
81
From Revivalism to Reform
• Northern revivals stimulated reform
• “The benevolent empire” of evangelical reform movements
altered American life
•
For example, temperance movement cut alcohol consumption by more
than 50%
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• Middle-class participants adapted evangelical religion to
preserve traditional values
82
The Cult of Domesticity
• The Cult of True Womanhood”
•
Placed women in the home
Glorified home as center of all efforts to
civilize and “Christianize” society
• Middle- and upper-class women became
increasingly dedicated to the home as
mothers
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•
83
The Extension of Education
• Public schools expanded rapidly from 1820 to 1850
• Means of inculcating values of hard work, responsibility to middle-class
reformers
• Horace Mann argued that schools saved immigrants, poor children from
parents’ bad influence
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• Means of advancement for working class
• Many parents believed public schools alienated children from their parents
84
Divisions in the Benevolent Empire
•
Temperance movement
Peace movement
•
Antislavery movement
•
• FULL CITIZENSHIP
American Colonization Society
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• Radical perfectionists impatient by 1830s, split from moderate
reform
• Radicals like William Lloyd Garrison demanded immediate
emancipation
• Constitution is a “pact with the devil”
• 1831: Garrison founded The Liberator
• 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society
85
Black Abolitionists
• Prominent figures included Frederick
Douglass, Sojourner Truth and David
Walker
• Black newspapers, books, and pamphlets
publicized abolitionism to a wider audience
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• Former slaves related the horrible realities
of bondage
• Blacks were also active in the
Underground Railroad
86
Women’s Rights
• Second Great Awakening leads to
increased roles in society
•
•
•
Organized by Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton
Prompted by experience of inequality in
abolition movement
Began movement for women’s rights
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• Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
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Utopian Communities
• Utopian socialism
• Religious utopianism
• Shakers
• Oneida Community
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• Inspired by Robert Owen, Charles Fourier
• New Harmony, Indiana—Owenite
• Fourierite phalanxes
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Transcendentalism
• Founded cooperative community at Brook Farm
• Henry David Thoreau and Walden
• COUNTERPOINT:
• Reform encountered perceptive critics
• Nathaniel Hawthorne allegorically refuted perfectionist movements, suggesting the world
was inherently an imperfect place
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• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Margaret Fuller
• George Ripley
• Reform prompted necessary changes in American life
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