MeV Technology, Inc.
SolarHydro Electric Power
by
MeV Technology, Inc.
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MeV Technology, Inc.
"The information contained in this
presentation comprises confidential,
proprietary, and trade secret
information of MeV Technology, Inc.,
and is being disclosed upon the
express acknowledgement by
Recipients of this claim, and their
agreement to maintain this
information in strict confidence and
not to use or disclose the
information except as authorized by
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MeV Technology, Inc."
The information here is the proprietary and trade secret information of MeV Technology, Inc.
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MeV Technology, Inc.
USA Typical Solar Flux
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/redbook/atlas/serve.cgi
The information here is the proprietary and trade secret information of MeV Technology, Inc.
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Solar Power Density
4 KWh/meter2/day (typical average)
4 GWh/Kmeter2/day (typical average)
2.59 SqKm in a SqMile
10.4 GWh/mile2/day (typical average)
Or
1.04 GW/mile2 each hour for a 10 hr Day
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The Need to Concentrate Energy
Solar Power Density is Low
Solution
1) Very Large Arrays
2) Concentrate Photons using Mirrors/Lenses
3) An Alternate Solution to Optical Concentration
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Current Solar Concentrator Technology
http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/csp.html
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Problems with Trough Concentrators
STANWELL POWER STATION PROJECT
Graham L. Morrison1, David R. Mills2 and Stanwell Corporation
“The tendency has been to produce larger and larger scale systems to produce economies of scale
and lower installation cost, but with contiguous reflectors there are limits on manageable size.
Scaling up of parabolic trough or dish collectors for large solar thermal power systems is limited
by wind loading problems and shading between adjacent concentrators. The aperture width of the
LUZ parabolic trough collectors is 5 m and the adjacent rows were spaced by approximately 10
m. Larger units become progressively more difficult to install and clean.”
http://solar1.mech.unsw.edu.au/glm/papers/CLFR-Geelong99V6.PDF
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Problems with Dish Concentrators
Parabolic dish concentrators are similar to trough
concentrators, but focus the sunlight on a single
point. Dishes can produce much higher
temperatures, and so can produce electricity
more efficiently. But because they are more
complicated, they have not succeeded outside of
demonstration projects.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/how-solar-energy-works.html
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Total Solution
1) Very Large Collection Arrays
2) Concentrate Energy NOT Photons
3) Concentrate Energy NOT Heat
4) Concentrate MASS as ENERGY
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Pumping Options
• Displacement Engine
• OrganoRankine Engine
• Stirling Engine
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Coupling into Solar Energy
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MeV Technology, Inc.
The Solar Wave
Q Heat
Hot
Q Heat
Q Heat
Cold
A few Degrees K
Q Heat Absorbtion
6000 C
Heat
Day
Energy
Useful
Transformer /
Rectifier
Power Out
Night
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MeV Technology, Inc.
The Absorb – Emit Engine
T (Hot)
W=Q
Heat
Transformer
T (Cold)
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What is required of the “Transformer/ Rectifier”?
The system must:
1) Absorb Heat Energy during Day Light Operations
2) “Absorb Cold” (Emit Heat) Energy during Night Operations
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Displacement
Day
Night
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Liquid / Gas Phase Transformations
Liquid to Gas - Heat is Absorbed due to Latent Heat
External Work is done
( High Temperature, High Pressure)
Gas to Liquid – Heat is Emitted due to Latent
(Low Temperature, Low Pressure)
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Rectification via the Use of Gas Phase Transitions
Absorption and Emission of Heat
Night Q Emitted
Day Q - Absorbed
Day - Liquid to Gas Phase Transition
Day
Night
Night - Gas to Liquid Phase Transition
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Work, Latent Heat Equations
W = PV = nRT
Calculating per Mole: n = 1 mole : R = 8.31 joule/ (K * mole):T = 60 C
Thus W = 2767.23 joules/mole
Latent Heat for Several Chemicals
Chemical
CO2
H2O
NH3
SF6
Latent Heat J/g
571
2675
1371
162
J/mole
25124
48150
23307
23652
All Gas Data taken from: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Reducing the Solar Cross Section
Q Heat
Hot
Q Heat
Q Heat
Cold
A few Degrees K
Q Heat Absorbtion
6000 C
Heat
Day
Energy
Useful
Transformer /
Rectifier
Power Out
Night
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Saturated Vapor Pressure
The process of evaporation in a closed container will
proceed until there are as many molecules returning to
the liquid as there are escaping. At this point the vapor is
said to be saturated, and the pressure of that vapor
(usually expressed in mmHg) is called the saturated
vapor pressure. Since the molecular kinetic energy is
greater at higher temperature, more molecules can escape
the surface and the saturated vapor pressure is
correspondingly higher. If the liquid is open to the air,
then the vapor pressure is seen as a partial pressure along
with the other constituents of the air. The temperature at
which the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric
pressure is called the boiling point.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Ammonia PV Curve
Conversion Factors
150F = 66C
60F=16C
40 0.1MPa=600 PSI
6 0.1Pa = 90 PSI
http://www.airliquide.com/en/business/products/gases/gasdata/images/VaporPressureGraph/Ammonia_Vapor_Pressure.GIF
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R410A PV Table
http://www.hvacreducation.net/offerings/ariworkshopf/ariworkshop13.html
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Heat Engines
The Stirling Engine
Temperature is the Across Variable
PV = NrT : P2V = Nr(T+dT) : T+dT = T*(1+dT/T)
P2V = NrT(1+dT/T)
Which for this case where dT=7% (300-280K)
P2V = NrT*1.07 or P1*1.07V = NrT*1.07
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The Saturation Engine
Heat is the Through Variable
~100%
Delta
in P
7% Delta
in K
However if the work is done at the two PV saturation Points
P2 = P * 2
(Note N is not a constant at the two points in this case)
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Two Containers
V1, P1, T1, N1
V2, P2, T2, N2
Allow V1, P1, T1, N1 = V2, P2, T2, N2
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Connect Two Containers to Make One
V1, P1, T1, N1
V2, P2, T2, N2
Because V1, P1, T1, N1 = V2, P2, T2, N2
Thus VT, PT, TT, NT = 2*V1,
P1, T1, 2*N1
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Continuous Expansion at
Constant Temperature and Pressure
Not to Scale
Not to Scale
Q (Heat)
Q (Heat)
Q (Heat)
V1, P1, T1, N1
2*V1, P1, T1, 2*N1
4*V1, P1, T1, 4*N1
Note that: ΔV = ΔN
Where the increase in N comes from the transition of the working fluid from liquid togas phase.
And the number of N in the liquid is on the order of 10 to 1000 less volume than in the gas phase
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MeV Technology, Inc.
A Simple Machine
The following is a simplified example of how to apply the
constant temperature, constant pressure concept.
From:
Fundamentals of Physics, Revised Printing,
Halliday and Resnick, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc, 1974 ISBN 0-471-34431-1
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Beginning of Expansion Cycle
t
Va
Heat in to Drive
Liquid to Gas
Phase Transition
Ma
Vf not to scale, typically
10 to 1000 < Va
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Beginning of Expansion Cycle II
t
Initially (non steady state)
Fa > Fb or Fnet > 0
Expansion
Velocity
Fa
Heat in to Drive
Liquid to Gas
Phase Transition
Ma
F
The expansion velocity is
increasing due to Fnet=Ma*a
This acceleration is
allowed to continue until
the expansion velocity is
equal to the number of
atoms driven from the
liquid to gas phase.
b
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Middle of Expansion Cycle
Work = Force * Distance
= Pa * Va/2
t
Va
Ma
Heat in to Drive
Liquid to Gas
Phase Transition
Gas at Ta and Pa
Vf not to scale, typically
10 to 1000 < Va
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Middle of Expansion Cycle II
t
Expansion
Velocity
Steady State
The expansion velocity is
constant, Fa = Fb
and ΔNt = ΔVt
Fa
Ma
Fb
Heat in to Drive
Liquid to Gas
Phase Transition
ΔNt is driven by the heat input
Nt , Vt
Note: Neglecting second order effects such as
the mass of the gas
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Top of Expansion Cycle
t
Ma
Work = Force * Distance
= Pa * Va
Va
Gas at Ta and Pa
Heat in to Drive
Liquid to Gas
Phase Transition
Vf not to scale, typically
10 to 1000 < Va
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Ma Moved to Static Position and Va Locked at Top
t
Ma
Va
Gas at Tb and Pb
Cooling in to
Reduce Gas
Temperature
Vf not to scale, typically
10 to 1000 < Va
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Condensation Cycle at Top of Cycle
Ma-b
t
Note: Mb << Ma
Mb
Va
Gas at Tb and Pb
Cooling in to Drive
Gas to Liquid Phase
Transition
Tb<< Ta and Pb << Pa
Vf not to scale,
typically 10 to 1000 < Va
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Condensation Cycle at Mid Cycle
Ma-b
t
Work = Force * Distance
= Pb * Va / 2
Va
Mb
Cooling in to Drive
Gas to Liquid Phase
Transition
Gas at Tb and Pb
Vf not to scale,
typically 10 to 1000 < Va
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Condensation Cycle at End of Cycle
Ma-b
t
Work = Force * Distance
= Pb * Va
Va
Liquid at Tb and Pb
Cooling in to Drive
Gas to Liquid Phase
Transition
Mb
Vf not to scale,
typically 10 to 1000 < Va
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Work Equation is the Area Defined by
Temperature and Pressures
Pa
Work = (Pa * Va)-(Pb * Vb)
Pb
Vb
Va
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Energy Generation Top of Cycle
Generator
Ma-b
Potential =Force*Distance
= Ma * Height * g
Height
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Energy Generation Mid Cycle
Generator
Work = Force*Distance
= Ma * Height / 2 * g
Ma-b
Height
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Energy Generation End of Cycle
Generator
Work = Force*Distance
= Ma * Height * g
Height
Ma-b
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Low Temperature Collection Systems
Low-temperature systems (unglazed)
operate at up to
18 F° (10 C°) above ambient temperature, and are most often used for heating swimming pools. Often, the pool water
is colder than the air, and insulating the collector would be counter-productive. Low-temperature collectors are
extruded from polypropylene or other polymers with UV stabilizers. Flow passages for the pool water are molded
directly into the absorber plate, and pool water is circulated through the collectors with the pool filter circulation
pump. Swimming pool heaters cost from $10 to $40/ft² [2004].
http://www.wbdg.org/design/swheating.php
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Mid Temperature “Flat Plate Collectors”
Mid-temperature collectors are usually flat plates insulated by a low-iron cover glass and
fiberglass or polyisocyanurate insulation. Reflection and absorbtion of sunlight in the
cover glass reduces the efficiency at low temperature differences, but the glass is
required to retain heat at higher temperatures. A copper absorber plate with copper
tubes welded to the fins is used. In order to reduce radiant losses from the collector, the
absorber plate is often treated with a black nickel selective surface, which has a high
absorptivity in the short-wave solar spectrum, but a low-emissivity in the long-wave
thermal spectrum. Mid-temperature systems range in cost from $90 to $120/ft² [2004]
of collector area.
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High Temperature Evacuated Tube
High-temperature systems utilize evacuated tubes around the receiver tube to
provide high levels of insulation and often use focusing curved mirrors to concentrate
sunlight. High temperature systems are required for absorption cooling or electricity
generation, but are used for mid-temperature applications such as commercial or
institutional water heating as well. Due to the tracking mechanism required to keep the
focusing mirrors facing the sun, high-temperature systems are usually very large and
mounted on the ground adjacent to a facility. Evacuated tube collectors themselves cost
about $75/ft², but use of curved mirrors and economies of scale get this cost down for
large system sizes to a relatively low cost of $40-70/ft² [2004].
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Solar Collector Efficiencies
Solar Collectors—Solar collector efficiency is plotted as a straight line against
the parameter (Tc-Ta)/I, where Tc is the collector inlet temperature (C ), Ta is the ambient air
temperature (C ), and I is the intensity of the solar radiation (W/m²). Notice that inexpensive,
unglazed collectors are very efficient at low ambient temperatures, but efficiency drops off very
quickly as temperature increases. They offer the best performance for low temperature applications,
but glazed collectors are required to efficiently achieve higher temperatures.
http://www.wbdg.org/design/swheating.php
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SolarHydro Electric
Power
Distributed Collection
Concentrated Power Generation
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Existing Technology
Pumped Storage
Raccoon Mountain Pumped
Storage Plant is located in
southeast Tennessee on a site that
overlooks the Tennessee River
near Chattanooga.
The plant works like a large storage battery. During periods of low
demand, water is pumped from Nickajack Reservoir at the base of
the mountain to the reservoir built at the top. It takes 28 hours to
fill the upper reservoir. When demand is high, water is released via
a tunnel drilled through the center of the mountain to drive
generators in the mountain’s underground power plant.
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Why have pumped storage?
Electrical energy cannot be stored. Therefore the energy taken from an electrical power supply grid
must always be equal to the energy being delivered by the electrical power plants. If this were not
the case, the frequency and voltage of the supply grid would deviate from standard values. Following
severe disturbances of the supply/load balance, the supply system could collapse.
Pumped storage plants solve this problem by storing electrical energy as potential energy: They
pump water to an upper reservoir at times of surplus energy on an electrical supply grid-typically, at
night. This potential energy is then released through a hydro-electrical generator at times of high
demand. Figures 1a and 1b show a typical pumped-storage scheme configuration.
http://www.hydropower.org/PSD/Articles/Benefits1.htm
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Solar Hydro Electric Power
Use Distributed Solar Collector/Pumps
to
PUMP Water up Hill
Thereby Concentrating the ENERGY
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Generalized Displacement Chamber
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Direct Energy to AC Power
Use of hydroelectric turbines allows direct
energy conversion to AC Power.
DC to AC conversion
(used in other Solar Solutions)
not required thereby reducing the
complexity and cost of construction and
maintenance.
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SolarHydro Electric Power
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Energy Concentration by Summation
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SolarHydro as a Peaker Production Plant
No Upper Storage
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Energy Concentration Via
Pixilization
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MeV Technology, Inc.
Artist Rendition --- 0.5MW Plant
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Green Issues
1) The System is “Closed Loop”
This allows existing dam infrastructure to be used
as upper and lower pools while allowing the river
to return to the wild state.
2) In all cases the system is at the
minimum CO2 Neutral
And may actually consume and bind CO2 when
CO2 is used as the pumping fluid.
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CO2 Sequestering
Hydro Equation
KwH=Qh/11.8*E*t
Q = Flow in cfs
h = Height
E = Efficiency
t = Time
Let
Q = unknown
h = 600 FeetofHead
E = 90%
t = 1 hr
KwH = 100 MwH
3E7 = sqft/sqmile
Q=KwH*11.8/(h*E*t)
2E3 cfs
8E6 cfh
1E6 gallons/hr
8E6 gallons/8hrs
2E5 gallons of CO2
Sequestered per 100MwH
3E7 kg of CO2 / 100 Mwh Sequestered
840 Vol/Vol @ Atmospheric Pressure
46.5 = Expansion Factor @300 PSI
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Work, Latent Heat Equations
W = PV = nRT
Calculating per Mole: n = 1 mole : R = 8.31 joule/ (K * mole):T = 60 C
Thus W = 2767.23 joules/mole
Latent Heat for Several Chemicals
Chemical
CO2
H2O
NH3
SF6
Latent Heat J/g
571
2675
1371
162
J/mole
25124
48150
23307
23652
All Gas Data taken from: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26
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San Luis
Artist Rendition of the Invention installed at the
San Luis Reservoir near I-5 and Hwy 152
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Summary
Distributed pumping of water powered by Solar
Energy can be used to Concentrate the energy as
mass at a higher potential energy so that
conventional hydroelectric systems can be used to
convert the energy into electricity.
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