Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Phoenicians
SECTION 2 The Hebrews
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 6 focuses on the cultures of the
Phoenicians and the Hebrews. 
– Section 1 discusses the Phoenicians
and their role in the growth of
Mediterranean commerce and the
development of the alphabet. 
– Section 2 summarizes the Hebrews
and their development of new ideas and
the impact of religious beliefs on
civilizations.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain how trade helped the Phoenicians
and the Hebrews build their civilizations. 
• identify the important cultural contributions
made by the Phoenicians and the
Hebrews. 
• describe the religious beliefs held by the
Hebrews.
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Read to Discover
• How trade helped the Phoenicians and the
Hebrews build their civilizations 
• What important cultural contributions
were made by the Phoenicians and the
Hebrews 
• What religious beliefs were held by the
Hebrews
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 101 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• treaties 
• holy of holies 
• colonies 
• descendants 
• social justice 
• judge 
• psalm 
• prophets 
• sabbath 
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People to Know
• Abraham 
• Moses 
• Saul 
• David 
• Solomon 
Places to Locate
• Canaan 
• Carthage 
• Jerusalem 
• Israel 
• Judah
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Why It’s Important
At the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea
lies a piece of land shared today by Lebanon
and Israel. In ancient times, it was the bridge
that connected Egypt and Mesopotamia, and it
was known as Canaan. Soldiers, shepherds,
and merchants who passed through Canaan
carried new ideas and goods between Egypt
and Mesopotamia.
Two groups–the Phoenicians and the
Hebrews–settled in Canaan and formed small
kingdoms. Each group was interested in trade
and in learning. Through these peaceful
activities, they made important contributions to
later civilizations.
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The Phoenicians
• The Phoenicians lived in the northern part
of Canaan. 
• Two different groups formed the Phoenician
people: 
– One was the Canaanites who came from the
desert south and east of Canaan. 
– The second group was the Philistines who came
from the eastern Mediterranean near Greece.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 101 of your textbook.
The Growth of Trade
• By 1200 B.C., the Phoenicians had built
cities and towns along a narrow strip of land
between the mountains and the sea. 
• Turning to the sea, the Phoenicians started
out as coastal traders. 
• Phoenician sailors and explorers plotted their
courses by the sun and stars, traveling to
places where no one else dared to go. 
• They signed peace treaties, or agreements
between states or countries, in which they
promised to supply free shipments of goods.
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The Growth of Trade (cont.)
• From their business dealings, the
Phoenicians learned the value of making
agreements. 
• They used the same idea to keep peace
with their larger, more powerful neighbors.
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The Cities of Phoenicia
• Phoenicia never became a united country
because mountains separated one group of
Phoenicians from another. 
• The search for more profit from trade led
to jealousy and quarrels among the citystates. 
• At first, a king, who also served as high
priest, ruled each city-state. 
• Most Phoenician cities had stone walls
around them for protection.
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The Cities of Phoenicia (cont.)
• Phoenician cities were very crowded, with
narrow streets and buildings close
together. 
• Outside the walls of the city stood the
port, the center of activity. 
• Phoenician cities were also important
cloth-dyeing centers. 
• The Phoenicians made an expensive
purple dye that was in great demand.
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Gods and Goddesses
• The Phoenicians believed in many gods
who were closely tied to nature. 
• They built temples with entrance halls, a
main hall, and a holy of holies, or most
sacred chamber, where the image or
sacred stone of the god was kept. 
• Sacrifices of wine, perfume, animals, and
humans were made on a nearby stone
altar. 
• The Phoenicians also believed in a life
after death.
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Carthage
• Some Phoenician sailors and traders set
up trading posts along the coast of North
Africa. 
• Other Phoenicians built colonies, or
permanent settlements, in these areas. 
• These colonies soon turned into cities. 
• The most famous of these cities was
Carthage, founded in 814 B.C. in presentday Tunisia.
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The Alphabet
• Through trade, the Phoenicians spread
ideas as well as goods. 
• Their most important gift was the idea of
an alphabet. 
• The Canaanite system of writing had 22
symbols, or letters, from which any
number of words could be formed. 
• The Phoenicians made the Canaanite
alphabet their own.
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The Alphabet (cont.)
• They carried it to Europe, where the Greeks
borrowed it and made a few changes. 
• Later, the Romans borrowed it from the
Greeks. 
• Most western alphabets, including the
English, are based on the Roman
alphabet.
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Section Assessment
Why did the Phoenicians turn to
trade to make a living?
They turned to trade because there
was not enough land to grow food.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the Phoenicians view
their gods?
They saw their gods as closely tied to
nature.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Generalizations Why is
the alphabet a major contribution
to civilization?
The spread of the alphabet provided
an easy-to-use writing system. This
increased trade because records
could be kept, which increased
contact with other civilizations.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one found on
page 106 of your textbook, and use it
to show the causes and effects of the
rise of Phoenician trade.
causes–location along the sea, scarcity of
land to grow food, forests to build ships
effects–control of Mediterranean trade,
traveling workshops, exploration of
uncharted areas, spread of Middle Eastern
culture, use of treaties to keep peace
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The Hebrews
• The Hebrews, or Israelites, were another
small group among the peoples of the
ancient Middle East. 
• Because of their religion–Judaism–which
still exists today, they have had a great
influence on the world’s civilizations. 
• Most early Hebrews were nomadic, or
wandering, herders; some were traveling
merchants.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 106 of your textbook.
The God of Abraham
• The story of the Hebrews and their god is
written in the Bible. 
– It states that Yahweh, or God, made an
agreement with Abraham. 
– Abraham and his followers were to leave Ur
and go to Canaan. 
– There, they were to worship and obey Yahweh
as the one true god. 
• In exchange, Yahweh promised that they
and their descendants, or offspring,
could always live in Canaan.
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The God of Abraham (cont.)
• During ancient times, most people
believed in many gods who behaved like
humans but were more powerful. 
• The Hebrews, however, believed that
Yahweh was different from humans. 
• Abraham and members of his household
settled in Canaan around 1800 B.C. 
• Abraham’s grandson, Jacob, had 12 sons. 
• Each son led a separate family group which
later formed 12 Hebrew tribes.
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The God of Abraham (cont.)
• The Hebrews stayed in Canaan for about
100 years until a drought came, and they
went to Egypt to get food.
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Moses and the Ten Commandments
• After the Hebrews settled in Egypt, they
were enslaved. 
• About 600 years later, Moses, the Hebrew
leader at the time, told the pharaoh to end
Hebrew enslavement and let the Hebrews
leave Egypt. The pharaoh at first refused
but later agreed. 
• When Moses led the Hebrews out of
Egypt, the pharaoh again changed his
mind and led his army in pursuit. 
• The Hebrew escape into the Sinai Desert
is called the Exodus.
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Moses and the Ten Commandments
• Life in the desert was hard, but Moses
told the Hebrews not to give up. 
• On Mount Sinai, Yahweh told Moses that
He would protect the Hebrews and lead
them back to Canaan. 
• In return, they were to renew the
covenant, or agreement, with Him and
obey certain laws, the most important of
which became the Ten Commandments.
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(cont)
Moses and the Ten Commandments
• The Ten Commandments stated that the
Hebrews were to give their loyalty only to
Yahweh. 
• The Hebrews believed God was just, and
they too should be just. 
• They used laws to influence the way
people behaved. 
• The Hebrews believed in social justice;
everyone had a right to be treated fairly.
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(cont)
The Promised Land
• Moses died shortly before the Hebrews
reached Canaan. 
• Joshua, a new leader and a good general,
brought the Hebrews safely into the
promised land. 
• Once they had settled in Canaan, the
Hebrews became farmers and shepherds. 
• Most Hebrews lived in split-level, one-room
houses that they shared with their livestock.
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Kings
• After Joshua died the 12 Hebrew tribes split
apart. 
• Each tribe was led by a council of elders. 
• In times of crisis, a temporary leader called
a judge settled disputes and led troops into
battle. 
• In time, the Hebrews decided they needed a
king to unite them. 
• A warrior-farmer named Saul became their
first king.
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Kings (cont.)
• When Saul died in battle, David became the
new king. 
• King David reunited the Hebrews,
defeated the Canaanites, and established
Jerusalem, the capital of the Hebrew
kingdom. 
• A fine musician, David wrote many of the
psalms, or sacred songs, found in the
Bible. 
• After David died, his son Solomon
became king.
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Kings (cont.)
• Solomon’s wealth and wisdom became
known all through the Middle East. 
• However, many Hebrews were not happy
with Solomon. 
• After Solomon died, the Hebrews in the
northern part of the country set up their own
separate kingdom called Israel. 
• A southern kingdom, which was ruled from
Jerusalem, became known as Judah. 
• For nearly 200 years, the two kingdoms
fought each other off and on.
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The Prophets
• Prophets, or persons claiming to have
messages from God, appeared in the
Hebrew kingdoms. 
• Some prophets taught that Yahweh was the
god not only of Hebrews, but of everyone. 
• Powerful neighbors took over the Hebrew
kingdoms. 
– After 722 B.C., the Israelites, the people of the
northern kingdom, disappeared. 
– Although the Judeans survived, most were
forced to move to Babylonia in 586 B.C.
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The Prophets (cont.)
• While in Babylonia, the Judeans, or Jews,
began meeting in small groups on the
sabbath, or day of rest, to pray and talk
about their religion and history. 
• The Jews spent 70 years in Babylonia
before they were allowed to return to their
homeland. 
• Under a scribe named Ezra, they wrote
down the laws of Moses in five books called
the Torah. 
• Other writings were added later to make the
Old Testament of the Bible.
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Major Contributions
• The Hebrews were the first people to
believe in one god. 
• The Hebrews were the first to believe in a
just god. 
• They believed individuals and society
should likewise be just. 
• Their laws were designed to teach people
to treat one another fairly.
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Section Assessment
Where did the Hebrews trade?
What goods did they trade?
They traded gold, copper, and ivory
goods from Ur to Harran and along
the Mediterranean coast.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What new ideas did the Hebrews
develop and contribute to later
civilizations?
They contributed the belief in a single
god and a just society.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating reasoned Judgement
How was the Hebrew belief in one
god important to civilization?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw a diagram like the one found
on page 114 of your textbook, and
use it to show milestones in the
history of the Hebrews.
Milestones will vary but should start
with Yahweh’s agreement with
Abraham.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Phoenician civilization began to develop
about 1830 B.C. 
• Phoenicians earned a living from the sea
and from trade items such as cedar and
purple dye. 
• One of the most important Phoenician
contributions was the spread of an
alphabet. 
• The Phoenicians set up colonies along the
North African coast, including Carthage,
founded in 814 B.C.
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the information.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• According to the Bible, God made an
agreement with Abraham whereby the
Hebrews could always live in Canaan if
they would worship Him alone. 
• About 1200 B.C., the Hebrews escaped
Egyptian bondage and, under Moses’
leadership, made a new covenant with
God, promising to obey the Ten
Commandments. 
• An important Hebrew contribution was the
belief in a single just god and a just
society.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why were the Phoenicians
successful long-distance sailors?
because of strong, fast ships and
plotted courses
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What were some of the features of
a Phoenician city-state?
Most were crowded, had stone walls
around them for protection, with
shops behind. The port lay outside
the walls.
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
According to the Bible, what
agreement did Yahweh make with
Abraham?
that if Abraham and his followers
were to go to Canaan and obey
Yahweh they could always live there
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Hebrews believe in
social justice?
because they should be like God who
was just
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the Hebrews make
changes in their religion while
living in Babylonia?
because they had lost the great
temple at Jerusalem
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Critical Thinking
How can people who have very
limited natural resources still
manage to earn a living?
Answers will vary, but should mention
the importance of trade.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Why were language and religion by
themselves not enough to unify the
Phoenician people?
because mountains separated
groups of Phoenicians
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How does the idea that God is just
affect the way people behave?
If people believe God is just, they will
behave justly.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Explain the phrase, “Do justly, love
mercy, and walk humbly with thy
God.”
Justice should be tempered with love
and mercy.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Why do you think many people
during this time believed that people
should listen to prophets?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Geography in History
Place The Hebrews moved from
place to place within the same region
along the Mediterranean Sea.
Choose one of their migrations and
describe the geography and features
of the land through which they
passed. Then make a map showing
the route and geographic features of
their migration.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Who would be more likely to win
achievement awards in the
following–a Canaanite or Aegean:
agriculture, mathematics, wool
weaving, mapmaking, desert
survival, astronomy.
Canaanites; Aegeans; Canaanites; both;
Canaanites; Aegeans
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the answer.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
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1200 B.C.
1830 B.C.
Hebrews
escape
enslavement
in Egypt
Phoenician
civilization
develops
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1800 B.C.
814 B.C.
Abraham
leads some
Hebrews to
Canaan
Carthage is
founded
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Moses
C.
1400 B.C.–1300 B.C.
Hebrew Prophet
During the Hebrew enslavement, the
pharaoh ordered the death of all Hebrew
male infants. To save her son, Moses’
mother put him in a papyrus basket and
floated him down the Nile. Pharaoh’s
daughter rescued the baby and raised
him as her own. Moses later fled Egypt
and worked as a shepherd until about
age 80, when, according to the Bible,
Yahweh instructed him to free his
people.
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Book Names
The name Byblos comes from a Greek
word meaning “book.” The Greeks
gave the city its name because of the
large amount of papyrus it exported.
The English word Bible comes from the
same term. The Bible, however, refers
to Byblos by its original name–Gebal, a
city inhabited since 7000 B.C.
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Ramses II
No one knows for sure, but many
scholars believe that Ramses II was the
pharaoh who tried to stop the flight of
Moses and the Hebrews out of Egypt.
Ramses ruled Egypt for nearly 70 years
and outlived a dozen of his sons.
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Making Comparisons
• Suppose you want to buy a portable
compact disc (CD) player, and you must
choose among three models. 
• You would probably compare
characteristics of the three models, such
as price, sound quality, and size to figure
out which model is best for you.
Continued on next slide.
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Making Comparisons
• In the study of world history, you often
compare people from different cultures or
regions. 
• You might also compare people and events
from one time period with those from a
different time period.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Making Comparisons
• Learning the Skill When making
comparisons, you examine two or more
groups, situations, events, or documents. 
• Then you identify any similarities and
differences. 
• For example, the chart on page 111 of your
textbook compares the characteristics of
two ancient civilizations.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Making Comparisons
• When making comparisons, you first decide
what items will be compared and determine
which characteristics you will use to
compare them. 
• Then you identify similarities and differences
in these characteristics.
Continued on next slide.
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Making Comparisons
Study the chart on page 111 of your textbook. Then
answer the questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Making Comparisons
What items are being compared?
Phoenicians and Hebrews
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Making Comparisons
What characteristics are being used
to compare them?
items under “Cultural Characteristics”
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Making Comparisons
In what ways were the Phoenicians
and the Hebrews similar?
Similarities might include: both lived
in Canaan, both had kings, both
traded.
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Making Comparisons
In what ways were the two groups different?
Phoenicians were organized into city-states, the
Hebrews into tribes. Phoenician occupations
centered around trade, while many Hebrews
worked as farmers and herders. The
Phoenicians had many gods, the Hebrews had
one. The Phoenicians contributed the alphabet,
the Hebrews contributed the idea of one just
god.
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Making Comparisons
Suppose you wanted to compare the
Phoenician and Hebrew religions in
more detail. What are some of the
characteristics you might compare?
Sample response: number of gods,
characteristics of the gods, worship
practices, attitudes toward death, etc.
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the answer.
Reading a Map Scale
• Maps provide many kinds of information. 
• One thing maps can show is distance, or
how far one point on a map is from
another. 
• To do this, most maps have scale. 
• A map scale shows the relationship
between the distances on the map and
the actual distances on Earth.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading a Map Scale
• The length of a scale represents a certain
number of miles or kilometers on Earth. 
• Using this scale, it is possible to figure
actual distances between any two points on
this map. 
• For example, to figure the distance between
the cities of Beirut and Tyre, use a ruler to
measure how far apart they are.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading a Map Scale
• Now compare this length with the map
scale. 
• Since Beirut and Tyre are about one-half
inch, or 1.3 centimeters apart on the map,
the actual distance between them on Earth
is about 50 miles, or 80 kilometers.
Continued on next slide.
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the information.
Reading a Map Scale
Study the map on page 108 of your textbook
showing Phoenicia and the Hebrew Kingdoms.
Then answer the questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Reading a Map Scale
What is the distance between Sidon
and Damascus?
approximately 60 miles (96 km)
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Reading a Map Scale
From north to south, how long is the
Dead Sea?
approximately 50 miles (80 km)
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Reading a Map Scale
How far is it from Jerusalem to
Beirut?
approximately 150 miles (241 km)
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the answer.
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