FUNERARY MASK OF TUTANKHAMUN
From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings. Eighteenth Dynasty (Tutankhamun,
r. c. 1332-1322 BCE), c. 1327 BCE.
Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 21-1/4" (54.5 cm), weight 24
pounds (11 kg).
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60672) [Fig. 03-01]
ANCIENT EGYPT
[Map 03-01]
ART AND ITS CONTEXTS: Egyptian Symbols
A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (front)
From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE.
Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)
A CLOSER LOOK: The Palette of Narmer (back)
From Hierakonpolis. Early Dynastic period, c. 2950 BCE.
Green schist, height 25" (64 cm). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 32169 = CG 14716)
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF DJOSER'S FUNERARY COMPLEX, SAQQARA
Third Dynasty, c. 2630-2575 BCE. [Fig. 03-02]
THE STEP PYRAMID AND SHAM BUILDINGS, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF DJOSER
Limestone, height of pyramid 204' (62 m). [Fig. 03-03]
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: Mastaba to Pyramid.
GREAT PYRAMIDS, GIZA
Fourth Dynasty, c. 2575-2450 BCE. Erected by (from the left) Menkaure, Khafre, and
Khufu.
Limestone and granite, height of pyramid of Khufu, 450' (137 m). [Fig. 03-04]
MODEL OF THE GIZA PLATEAU
From left to right: the temples and pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu.
[Fig. 03-05]
GREAT SPHINX, FUNERARY COMPLEX OF KHAFRE
Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE.
Limestone, height approx. 65' (19.8 m). [Fig. 03-06]
VALLEY TEMPLE OF KHAFRE
Giza. Old Kingdom, c. 2520-2494 BCE.
Limestone and red granite. [Fig. 03-07]
KHAFRE
Giza, valley temple of Khafre. Fourth Dynasty, c. 2520-2494 BCE.
Diorite-gabbro gneiss, height 5'6 1/8" (1.68 m).
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 10062 = CG 14). [Fig. 03-08]
MENKAURE AND A QUEEN, PROBABLY KHAMERERNEBTY II
From Giza. Fourth Dynasty, 2490-2472 BCE.
Graywacke with traces of red and black paint, height 54 1/2" (142.3 cm).
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Expedition.
(11.1738). [Fig. 03-09]
SEATED SCRIBE
Found near the tomb of Kai, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.
Painted limestone with inlaid eyes of rock crystal, calcite, and magnesite mounted in
copper, height 21" (53 cm). Musée du Louvre, Paris. (N 2290 = E 3023). [Fig. 03-10]
BUTCHER
Perhaps from the tomb of the official Ni-kau-inpu and his wife Hemet-re, Giza?
Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.
Painted limestone (knife restored), height 14-5/8" (37 cm).
The Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago. (10626). [Fig. 03-11]
TI WATCHING A HIPPOPOTAMUS HUNT
Tomb of Ti, Saqqara. Fifth Dynasty, c. 2450-2325 BCE.
Painted limestone relief, height approx. 45" (114.3 cm). [Fig. 03-12]
HEAD OF SENUSRET III
Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1836-1818 BCE.
Yellow quartzite, height 17 3/4" × 13 1/2" × 17" (45.1 × 34.3 × 43.2 cm).
The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill
Nelson Trust (62-11). [Fig. 03-13]
ROCK-CUT TOMBS, BENI HASAN
Twelfth Dynasty, 1938-1756 BCE. [Fig. 03-14]
PICKING FIGS
Wall painting from the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1890 BCE.
Tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis. [Fig. 03-15]
STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER
Twelfth Dynasty, c. 1850 BCE.
Limestone, red and black ink, 20 1/2" × 19" (52 × 48 cm).
British Museum London. (EA 579) [Fig. 03-16]
TECHNIQUE: Egyptian Pictorial Relief
DETAIL OF THE STELE OF THE SCULPTOR USERWER IN FIG. 3-16.
STELE OF AMENEMHAT
From Assasif. Late Eleventh Dynasty, c. 2000 BCE.
Painted limestone, 11" × 15" (30 × 50 cm).
Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 45626). [Fig. 03-17]
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT KARNAK
New Kingdom, c. 1579-1075 BCE. [Fig. 03-18]
RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING OF THE HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN AT
KARNAK
Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1292-1190 BCE. [Fig. 03-19]
COLUMNS WITH PAPYRIFORM AND BUD CAPITALS, HYPOSTYLE HALL, GREAT TEMPLE OF
AMUN AT KARNAK [Fig. 03-20]
HATSHEPSUT KNEELING
From Deir el-Bahri. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE.
Red granite, height 8'6" (2.59 m). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [Fig. 03-21]
FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHRI
Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1473-1458 BCE. (At the far left, ramp and base of the funerary
temple of Mentuhotep III. Eleventh Dynasty, r. c. 2009-1997 BCE.) [Fig. 03-22]
SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE FUNERARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT
Deir el-Bahri. [Fig. 03-23]
RAMOSE'S BROTHER MAY AND HIS WIFE WERENER
Tomb of Ramose, Thebes. Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1375-1365 BCE. [Fig. 03-24]
COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATEN
From the temple known as the Gempaaten, built early in Akhenaten's reign just
southeast of the Temple of Karnak. Sandstone with traces of polychromy, height of
remaining portion about 13' (4 m). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 49528). [Fig. 03-25]
AKHENATEN AND HIS FAMILY
From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE.
Painted limestone relief, 12-1/4" × 15-1/4" (31.1 × 38.7 cm).
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (14145).
[Fig. 03-26]
QUEEN TIY
From Kom Medinet el-Ghurab (near el-Lahun). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1352 BCE.
Wood (perhaps yew and acacia), ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis lazuli, cloth, clay, and
wax, height 3-3/4" (9.4 cm).
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21834).
[Fig. 03-27]
NEFERTITI
From Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE.
Painted limestone, height 20" (51 cm).
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ăgyptisches Museum. (21300).
[Fig. 03-28]
INNER COFFIN from TUTANKHAMUN'S SARCOPHAGUS
From the tomb of Tutankhamun, Valley of the Kings.
Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1332-1322 BCE.
Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones, height 6' 7/8" (1.85 m), weight nearly
243 pounds (110.4 kg). Egyptian Museum, Cairo. (JE 60671) [Fig. 03-29]
TEMPLE OF RAMSES II
Abu Simbel. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1279-1213 BCE. [Fig. 03-30]
SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE TEMPLE OF RAMSES II
Abu Simbel. [Fig. 03-31]
REMOVAL OF THE FACE OF ONE OF THE COLOSSAL SCULPTURES OF RAMSES II AT ABU
SIMBEL IN THE MID 1960S [Fig. 03-32]
FISH-SHAPED PERFUME BOTTLE
From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna).
Eighteenth Dynasty, reign of Akhenaten, c. 1353-1336 BCE.
Core-formed glass, length 5-3/4" (14.5 cm).
British Museum, London. (EA 55193) [Fig. 03-33]
QUEEN NEFERTARI MAKING AN OFFERING TO ISIS
Wall painting in the tomb of Nefertari, Valley of the Queens.
Nineteenth Dynasty, 1290-1224 BCE. [Fig. 03-34]
JUDGMENT OF HUNEFER BEFORE OSIRIS
Illustration from a Book of the Dead. Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE.
Painted papyrus, height 15-5/8" (39.8 cm).
British Museum, London. (EA 9901). [Fig. 03-35]
KAROMAMA
Third Intermediate period, Twenty-Second Dynasty, c. 945-715 BCE.
Bronze inlaid with gold, silver, electrum, glass, and copper, height 23-1/2" (59.5 cm).
Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 03-36]
SPHINX OF TAHARQO
From Temple T, Kawa, Nubia (modern Sudan). Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, c. 680 BCE.
Granite, height 16" (40.6 cm); length 28-3/4" (73 cm).
British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-37]
ROSETTA STONE
196 BCE. British Museum, London. [Fig. 03-38]
RECOVERING THE PAST: How Early Art is Dated
The hieroglyphic signs for the letters P, T, O, and L were Champollion's clues to
deciphering the Rosetta Stone.