Quiz 1 Review Sheet
Topography:
Be able to label all of the
following on any potential
specimen:
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Mantle
Gape
Nape
Culmen (nostril to bill
tip)
Crest
Upper and lower
mandibles
Supercilium (=
eyebrow)
Eye ring
Lore
Rump
Throat
Tail (= retrices)
Breast
Uppertail coverts
Belly
Undertail coverts
Flank
Wing lining (= underwing)
Malar streak (= moustache stripe)
Axillaries (= armpit)
Auriculars (= ear coverts)
Shoulder
Wing bars
Scapulars
Greater wing coverts
Speculum
Lesser wing coverts
Tertials
Median wing coverts
Secondaries
Tarsus
Primaries (leading and trailing edges)
Alula
Skeletal Anatomy:
Be able to label all of the following on
any potential specimen:
Skull
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Mandibles
Frontals
Nasals
zygomatic arch
orbit
sclerotic ring
occipital condyle
foramen magnum
quadrate
hyoid apparatus
Body:
Vertebral column
 cervical vertebrae
 synsacrum
 caudal vertebrae
 pygostyle
Ribs
 uncinated process
 Sternum
 keel
Pectoral Girdle, Arm, and Hand
 scapula
 coracoid
 furcula
 humerus
 radius
 ulna
 carpal bones
 carpometacarpus
 digits
 phalanges
 thumb (pollex)
Pelvic Girdle, Leg, & Foot
pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
femur
patella
tibiotarsus
fibula
tarsometatarsus
digits
hallux (first digit)
Know the location and functions of these skeletal adaptations
1. Comparisons to mammal skeleton
2. Hyoid apparatus in woodpeckers
3. Uncinate processes in diving birds
4. Cnemial process in loons and grebes
5. Variation in shapes of sterna
6. Salt glands.
7. Humerus shape variation in swifts and hummingbirds.
Internal Anatomy:
Be able to label all of these, and list their function.
Feather tracts (Pterylae and Apteria)
Attachment of flight feathers to skeleton
Alula
Uropygial gland
Head and neck:
Large eyes (can you find nictitating membrane?)
Ear openings and auriculars
Salt glands in marine birds
Tongue
Esophagus
Crop—what birds have them? What function?
Trachea
Glottis
Bulla in male ducks
Musculature
Pectoralis major
Supracoracoideus
Wing depressor & Elevator muscles
Tensor patagialis, muscle and tendon
Attachment of flight feathers to wing bones
Pectoralis major
Supracoracoideus
Wing depressor & Elevator muscles
Tensor patagialis, muscle and tendon
Attachment of flight feathers to wing bones
Digestive System
*note variation
across species in
relation to diet (PL
pp. 182-184)
Esophagus
Crop
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Small intestine
Large intestine
Caeca
Cloaca (note
penis in waterfowl)
Bursa of Fabricius
Liver
Circulatory System
Heart (PL pp. 196-199)
right & left atria
right & left ventricles
Aorta
Respiratory System
Trachea
Syrinx
Right & left bronchus
Right & left lungs
Air sacs
Reproductive system:
Testes
Ovaries + Oviduct
Bird Orders:
Know this tree. Backwards and forwards.
Feet and Bills:
Be able to label foot types
appropriately
anisodactyl
hetereodactyl
zygodactyl
syndactyl
pamprodactyl
palmate
totipalmate
lobed
raptorial
Understand tendon locking
mechanism
Pectinate feet
Snow feet
Know the functions of all of the different bill types.
And know which birds have which types!!
Birds we’ve seen (Calls to know are highlighted in red):
Swallows:
violet-green swallow
cliff swallow
barn swallow
tree swallow
Chickadees:
black-capped chickadee
chestnut-backed chickadee
Tits:
Bushtit
Wrens:
Bewick’s wren
Winter wren
Marsh wren
Kinglets:
golden-crowned kinglet
Thrushes:
Western bluebird
American Robin
Starling:
European starling
Waxwings:
Cedar waxwing
Nuthatches:
red-breasted nuthatch
Treecreepers:
brown creeper
Warblers:
orange-crowned warbler
yellow warbler
yellow-rumped warbler
common yellowthroat
wilson’s warbler
Tanagers:
Western tanager
Towhee:
Spotted Towhee
Sparrows:
Savannah sparrow
fox sparrow
song sparrow
white-crowned sparrow
golden-crowned sparrow
dark-eyed junco
Cardinalidae:
Lazuli bunting
Meadowlarks/Blackbirds:
red-winged black bird
western Meadowlark
brewer’s blackbird
brown-headed cowbird
bullock’s oriole
Finches:
House finch
American Goldfinch
Pine siskin
Anatidae:
greater white-fronted goose
cackling goose
Canada goose
wood duck
gadwall
American widgeon
mallard
cinnamon teal
northern shoveler
northern pintail
green-winged teal
ring-necked duck
lesser scaup
surf scoter
bufflehead
common goldeneye
hooded merganser
common merganser
red-breasted merganser
Accipitridae:
osprey
bald eagle
northern harrier
cooper’s hawk
northern goshawk
red-tailed hawk
lough-legged hawk
Laridae:
western gull
glaucous-winged gull
Caspian tern
Alcids:
pigeon guillemot
Pigeons/doves:
rock pigeon
band-tailed pigeon
strigiformes:
barn owl
great horned owl
burrowing owl
Falconidae:
American kestrel
peregrine falcon
Swifts:
Vaux’s swift
Phasianidae:
ruffed grouse
Hummingbirds:
Anna’s Hummingbird
Rufous hummingbird
Odontothoridae:
California quail
Rallidae:
Virginia rail
American coot
Plovers and Sandpipers:
killdeer
greater yellowlegs
spotted sandpiper
whimbrel
long-billed curlew
marbled godwit
ruddy turnstone
western sandpiper
least sandpiper
dunlin
Find calls online at http://www.allaboutbirds.org/Page.aspx?pid=1189
Woodpeckers:
Red-breasted sapsucker
downy woodpecker
hairy woodpecker
northern flicker
pileated woodpecker
Tyrant flycatchers:
western wood peewee
Shrikes:
Northern shrike
Corvids:
Steller’s jay
American Crow
Common Raven