Chapter 15: The Digestive
System and Body
Metabolism
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Learning Outcomes
 Describe the basic function and structure of the digestive





system and body metabolism.
Identify combining forms used in building words that
relate to the digestive system.
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical
procedures used in treating disorders of the digestive
system.
Define the major pathological conditions of the digestive
system.
Define surgical terms related to the digestive system.
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in
treating disorders of the digestive system.
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Function/Structure
 Gastroenterology
 Breakdown, metabolize, and supply nutrients to the
body
 Peristalsis= Movement
 Alimentary System
 Common/recognizable major organs
 Accessory organs vital for metabolism
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Organs
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Building Vocabulary
 stomat(o)
 dent(o)/ odont(o)
 gloss(o)/lingu(o)
 cheil(o)
 gingiv(o)
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mouth
teeth
tongue
lips
gums
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Building Vocabulary
 esophag(o)
 paryng(o)
 gastr(o)
 enter(o)
 duoden(o)
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esophagus
pharynx
stomach
intestine
duodenum
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Building Vocabulary
 jejun(o)
 Ile(o)
 colon(o)
 sigmoid(o)
 rect(o)
 proct(o)
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jejunum
ileum
colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus and rectum
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Building Vocabulary
 Accessory Organs
 hepat(o)
 cholecyct(o)
 chole
 cyst(o)
 pancreat(o)
 saliv(o)
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liver
gallbladder
gall
bladder
pancreas
salivary glands
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Movement of Food
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Digestive/ Metabolism Parts
 Begins in the mouth = stomat(o)
 Tongue, teeth, and lips (breaks down food)
 Salivary glands (saliva)
 Mastication = chewing
 Next Pharynx = pharyng (o)
 Then Esophagus = esophag (o)
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Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus
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Tongue, Epiglottis, Tonsils
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The Stomach
 Stomach = gastr(o) pouch like organ
 Holds over 1 liter of food
 Breakdown food, initiate protein digestion, mix with
enzymes
 Gastropathy = stomach condition
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Parts of the Stomach
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“Heartburn”
 Cardiac region = cardiac sphincter
 Allows food to enter
 Prevents regurgitation
 Sphincter failure = allows gastric juices to reflux into
the esophagus
 No protective lining = “burning feeling”
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Stomach “Juices”
 Extremely acidic = digestion
 Protective lining in stomach and instestines
 Rugae = folds in the lining
 Stomach fills = folds disappear
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Small Intestines
 Intestines = enter(o)
 Longest tube-like organ
 Extending from pylorus of the stomach to large
intestines
 Nutrients absorbed
 Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum
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Small Intestines
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Large Intestines
 Large intestines = colon(o)
 Solidify waste = reabsorbs water, salts, electrolytes
 Ascending, Transverse, and Descending sections
 End section sigmoid = sigmoid(o)
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Larger Intestines (Colon)
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Digestive Accessory Organs
 Liver = hepat(o) largest organ upper right cavity, many
functions, bile secretion
 Gallbladder = chole = gall , cyst(o)= bladder, pear
shaped sac, stores bile until needed
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Liver and Gall Bladder
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Pancreas
 pancreas = pancreat(o)
 part of the Endocrine System
 closely attached to small intestines
 secretes juices which metabolizes fats, carbohydrates
and proteins.
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Pancreas
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Diagnostic, Procedural, Labs
 Scopes to view to alimentary canal- least risky- cost
effective
 Types of scopes: enteroscopy,
proctoscopy, sigmoidoscopy
proct(o)= rectum/anus + scopy=
viewing using a scope
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Endoscopy
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Pathological Conditions
 Eating Disorders
 More females diagnosed
Bulimia = to eat and purge
 Bulimia = to eat and purge
 Anorexia Nervosa = to not eat as a disorder
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Symptoms of Bulimia
 Swollen salivary
 glands
 Irritation of the
 esophagus
 Stomach ulcers
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Symptoms of Anorexia
 Hair loss
 Muscle tears/stress
 Fainting/fatigue
fractures
 Hair loss
 Bruising
 Loss of menstrual periods
 Loss of heart tissue/
 decreased heart rate
 Lanugo
 Little subcutaneous fat
 Low bone mass
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Disorders
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus
 Secondary to other problems
 Mouth sores = allergic reactions, viruses, bacterial
infections from poor dental care
 pharyno (o) pharynx, cheil (o) lips,
 stomat(o) mouth, esophag(o) esophagus
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Stomach Disorders
 Gastralgia / gastrodynia = stomachache
 Very common problem
 Dyspepsia = indigestion
 Stress, overeating, peptic ulcers
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Peptic Ulcer
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Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder
Disorders
 Gallstones, or cholelithiasis
 Abnormal production of calcium deposits in the
gallbladder.
 Asymptomatic / Very painful
 Block the normal flow of bile choledocholithiasis.
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Gallstones
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Hepatitis
 Hepato(o) liver + itis = inflammation
 Types of Hepatitis (4)
 Acute / Chronic
 Mode of transmission
 Risk factors
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Intestinal Disorders
 Colitis= colon inflammation
 Types of Colitis
 Ulcerative colitis
 Chrohn’s Disease
 Biopsy may be needed
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Crohn’s Disease
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Diverticulitis
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The Rectus and Anus
 Hemorrhoids = varicose veins
 Hereditary, repeated strain, and/or sitting for long
periods of inactivity
 Asymptomatic or discomfort from swelling
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Hemorrhoids
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Hernias
 Any loop or twist of bowel or any organ not positioned
correctly
 Types of hernias
 Hiatal, inguinal, strangulated, femoral, and umbilical
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Surgical Terms
 Gastroenterologists and Surgeons work together GI
disorders require surgery
 Some physicians do both
 Specialist such as gastric bypass and colorectal
surgeons
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Surgical Terms (cont.)
 abdominocentesis
 cheiloplasty
 paracentesis
 glossorrhaphy
 cholelithotomy
 esophagoplasty
 choledocholithotomy
 proctoplasty
 cholelithotripsy
 glossectomy
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Phamacological Terms
 antacid
 cathartic
 antidiarrheal
 laxative
 antiemetic
 Cortico-steroids
 antispasmodic
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Learning Outcomes
 Describe the basic function and structure of the digestive





system and body metabolism.
Identify combining forms used in building words that
relate to the digestive system.
Recall the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical
procedures used in treating disorders of the digestive
system.
Define the major pathological conditions of the digestive
system.
Define surgical terms related to the digestive system.
Recognize common pharmacological agents used in
treating disorders of the digestive system.
McGraw-Hill
© 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.