Chapter 28
APUSH
Mrs. Price
“All that is necessary for the triumph
of evil is that good men do nothing.” Edmund Burke
American
Morale


High after Pearl
Harbor
Voluntary enlistments
common
Major Battles of
WWII
War in Europe
Battle of Stalingrad
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Sept 1942 – Jan 1943
Turning point of war in Europe
Russians defeat Germans
Operation Torch
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Oct 1942
Invasion of North Africa
Commanders: Rommel (Germany);
Montgomery (Britain); Eisenhower & Patton
(US)
Germans surrendered May 1943 in Tunisia
Attack
Hitler’s “soft
underbelly”
Allied Invasion of Italy
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July 1943
Mussolini forced to resign
Italy surrenders Sept 1943; declares war on
Germany
Russians not invited to participate in surrender
Normandy Invasion

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D-Day/Operation Overlord
June 6, 1944
200,000 Allied troops under command of
Eisenhower land on French coast
German defenses had been softened by heavy
bombardment
Allies broke through German lines & pushed
inland
D-Day Invasion
Operation Anvil
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Aug 15, 1944
Allied invasion of Southern France
Goal: advance to Paris & meet troops from
Operation Overlord
Paris liberated Aug 25, 1944
Battle of the Bulge

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
Dec 1944
Last major German offensive in Ardennes forest
of Belgium
Allies regain original position in Jan 1945; begin
to push toward Germany
End of War in Europe

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Eastern Front: Russian troops march through
Poland & head toward Berlin
Western Front: American & British forces cross
the Rhine March 1945
April 12: FDR dies; Truman becomes president
April 28: Mussolini assassinated
April 30: Hitler commits suicide
V-E Day (May 8)

May 7, 1945: Germany surrenders
War in the Pacific

Allied strategy: win in Europe first
Assault on the Philippines



MacArthur (US)
Dec 8, 1941: Japan begins aerial attacks; Dec 22:
43,000 troops land; US defense unsuccessful
US pushed back to Bataan – surrendered April
8, 1942
Bataan Death March
10,000 died on 65 mile march to POW camps
Bombing of Tokyo (April 1942)
Battle of Coral Sea


May 1942
Stopped
Japanese drive
towards
Australia
Battle of Midway

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June 3, 1942
Operation Magic
US forces attack
Japanese fleet; destroy
naval power
US commander: Nimitz
Turning point of war in
Pacific: Allies now on
offensive
American Offensive


Battle of Guadacanal (July 1942 – Feb 1943) :
Japan gives up island; first taste of jungle warfare
Battles in Gilberts, Marshalls, & Marianas (194344)
End of the War in the Pacific



Island hopping: 1943 & 1944
Battle of the Philippines Sea (June 1944): US
victory
Battle of the Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944): MacArthur
returns to the Philippines
Largest naval battle in history
 Manila taken in Feb 1945

Iwo Jima & Okinawa (1945)
Bombing of Tokyo


May 23, 1945
83,000 died
Manhattan Project



Secret plan to develop
the atomic bomb (Began
Aug 1942)
Robert Oppenheimer
Fat Man & Little Boy
Hiroshima

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Aug 6, 1945
130,000 died immediately
Nagasaki


Aug 9, 1945
60,000 killed
V-J Day


Aug 13, 1945: Japan
surrenders
V-J Day (Sept 2)
Why the Atomic Bomb was Used



To end war quickly
To save US lives – vs. invasion of Japan
To serve as a deterrent
War at Home

Economic Recovery
Increased federal spending
 Incomes grew
 Personal savings grew

Development of the West


To serve the needs of the military
Transformed region’s economy
Soldiers
War Created a Labor Shortage


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15 million men & women in armed forces
Brought new workers into work force
Increased union membership (maintenance-ofmembership agreement)
Also put restrictions on unions (no strike
pledge)
Fear of Inflation Leads to Govt
Action


Anti-Inflation Act (1942): govt could freeze
prices, wages, rents
Office of Price Administration: rationed scarce
consumer goods
Financing the War

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1941-1945: $321 billion
Half $ raised by selling
bonds
Rest by income taxes
War Production


War Production Board (1942): not very effective
– became Office of War Mobilization
Mass production gave US advantage
African Americans & the War


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FDR created Fair Employment Practices
Commission: to investigate discrimination in war
industries
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality): sit-ins
Better treatment in military
Native Americans & the War



25,000 served in military
Code-talkers
Many young left
reservation – jobs,
military service
Mexican-Americans & the War


Bracero program (1942): Mexicans could work
in US for a limited time
Zoot Suit Riots (June 1943)
Japanese Americans & the War

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127,000 – most in CA (Issei & Nisei)
Feb 1942: FDR authorized internment (War
Relocation Authority)
Camps were harsh; some were allowed to work,
go to college
1944: Korematsu v. US: relocation is constitutional
1988: Reparations to survivors
Executive 9066
Chinese Americans & the War


Status improved during war
1943: Congress repealed Chinese Exclusion Act
Social Changes

Women in work force
increased
Rosie the Riveter
 WACs & WAVEs



Juvenile crime increased
Marriage, birth rates
increased
7 Future American Presidents Served in
World War II
Country
Men in war
Battle deaths
Wounded
Australia
1,000,000
26,976
180,864
Austria
800,000
280,000
350,117
Belgium
625,000
8,460
55,5131
40,334
943
4,222
339,760
6,671
21,878
Canada
1,086,3437
42,0427
53,145
China3
17,250,521
1,324,516
1,762,006
Czechoslovakia
—
6,6834
8,017
Denmark
—
4,339
—
Finland
500,000
79,047
50,000
France
—
201,568
400,000
20,000,000
3,250,0004
7,250,000
Greece
—
17,024
47,290
Hungary
—
147,435
89,313
India
2,393,891
32,121
64,354
Italy
3,100,000
149,4964
66,716
Japan
9,700,000
1,270,000
140,000
Netherlands
280,000
6,500
2,860
New Zealand
194,000
11,6254
17,000
75,000
2,000
—
—
664,000
530,000
650,0005
350,0006
—
410,056
2,473
—
—
6,115,0004
14,012,000
5,896,000
357,1164
369,267
16,112,566
291,557
670,846
3,741,000
305,000
425,000
Brazil2
Bulgaria
Germany
Norway
Poland
Romania
South Africa
U.S.S.R.
United Kingdom
United States
Yugoslavia
WW II
Casualties
1. Civilians only.
2. Army and navy figures.
3. Figures cover period July 7,
1937 to Sept. 2, 1945,
and concern only Chinese
regular troops. They do not
include casualties suffered
by guerrillas and local
military corps.
4. Deaths from all causes.
5. Against Soviet Russia;
385,847
against Nazi Germany.
6. Against Soviet Russia;
169,822
against Nazi Germany.
7. National Defense Ctr.,
Canadian
Forces Hq., Director of
History.