Kim Maurer
Week 8
Exam 2 Review
1. Describe the difference between kinetic and potential energy. An electron has more
____________ when they are farther from the nucleus.
2.
Name some characteristics of ATP. How do they provide energy?
3.
Draw and label the Gibbs free energy diagrams of endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Endergonic:
Exergonic:
5.
Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition.
6.
Compare and contrast mircotubules, mircrofilaments, and intermediate filaments.
7.
Draw and label a mitochondria.
1. Glycolysis
Location:
Begin with:
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Requires input of:
What happens?
Products:
2. Acetyl-CoA sythesis
Location:
Begin with:
Requires input of:
What happens?
Products:
3. Citric Acid Cycle
Location:
Begin with:
Requires input of:
What happens?
Products:
4. Electron Transport Chain
Location:
Begin with:
Requires input of:
What happens?
Products:
Cellular Respiration products:
7.
Steps of Photosynthesis
Draw and label a chloroplast.
1. Absorption of Light Energy
2. Transfer of High Energy Electron
3. Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
4. The Calvin Cycle
8.
Draw/Explain the differences between the following cell-cell signaling mechanisms:
Endocrine Signaling:
Paracrine Signaling:
Autocrine Signaling:
Juxtacrine Signaling:
9.
Draw the events that occur upon activation of a G protein-coupled receptor.
10.
Draw the events that occur upon activation of receptor tyrosine kinase.
11.
Draw the events that occur upon the activation of a ligand-gated ion channel.
12.
Draw a myosin and actin when they are contracted compared to when they are relaxed.
13.
Describe vesicle movement between microfilaments compared to microtubules.
14.
How do cells know where to go during cell migration? How does the actin help it move?
15.
Define the different cell adhesions.
Adherens Junction:
Desmosomes:
Hemidesmosome:
Gap Junction:
Tight Junction:
16.
Which of the following best describes the hydrophilic component of cholesterol?
a.
b.
c.
e.
e.
a hydroxyl group only
a phosphate group only
a phosphate group and a chemical group called choline
a group of four planar rings and a hydroxyl group
a single hydrocarbon tail
17.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics deals with:
energy being conserved
entropy
enthaply
breaking of bonds
friction
18.
a.
b.
c.
d.
19.
A gain of electrons is ____________; a lose of electrons is ______________.
oxidation; oxidation
reduction; reduction
oxidation; reduction
reduction; oxidatoin
An amphipathic molecule is one that:
a. can fully dissolve in water..
b. has a head and tail domain.
c. makes up a membrane.
d. contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
20.
Which of the following is a common function of membrane proteins?
a. catalysis
b. attachment
c. transport
d. signal reception
e. all of the above are functions of membrane proteins
21.
The term homeostasis refers to the ability of:
a. molecules to undergo net movement by diffusion.
b. the cell to seek out an optimal environment.
c. the plasma membrane to control what enters a cell.
d. the cell to control and maintain its internal environment.
22.
Organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are:
a. photoautotrophs
b. chemoheterotrophs
c. photoheterotrophs
d. chemoautotrophs
e. chemolithotrophs
23.
_____________bind to the active site of an enzyme.
a. Competitive inhibitors
b. Substrates and competitive inhibitors
c. Noncompetitive inhibitors
d. Any carbohydrate
e. Substrates
24.
In the first three stages of cellular respiration, the chemical energy in glucose is
transferred to:
a. ATP and cytochrome b.
b. electron carriers and ATP.
c. cytochrome b and coenzyme Q.
d. proton pumps and ATP.
e. only coenzyme Q.
25.
In eukaryotes, acetyl-CoA synthesis takes place in the:
a. cytoplasm.
b. outer mitochondrial membrane.
c. inner mitochondrial membrane.
d. intermembrane space of mitochondria.
e. mitochondrial matrix.
26.
Which of the following best describes how ATP synthase converts the potential energy of
the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP?
a. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is converted to the kinetic energy of rotation
of the F0 subunit; this rotates the F1 subunit causing a conformational change allowing it
to catalyze ATP synthesis.
b. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit reduces the F1 subunit, which allows ADP
to be oxidized to ATP.
c. The flow of protons through the F0 subunit oxidizes the F1 subunit, which allows ADP
to be reduced to ATP.
d. Kinetic energy from the flow of protons is stored in a new electrochemical gradient
within the F0 subunit which is used by the F1 subunit to make ATPs.
e. None of these answer options accurately describes how ATP synthase converts the
potential energy of the proton gradient to the chemical energy of ATP.
27.
Starting with glycolysis, lactic acid and ethanol fermentation generate only two ATP per
glucose molecule. The remaining chemical energy from the glucose is found primarily in:
a. GTP.
b. NADH.
c. FADH2.
d. lactic acid and ethanol.
e. CO2.
28.
Which of the following is needed directly to produce both triose phosphates and RuBP?
29.
a. Rubisco
b. NADPH
c. ATP
d. O2
e. PSII
In the Calvin cycle, ATP is required to __________.
a. phosphorylate 3-PGA and regenerate RuBP
b. reduce 3-PGA
c. reduce triose phosphates and reduce RuBP
d. carboxylate RuBP
e. reduce RuBP
30.
The enzyme rubisco can be describes as “slow and stupid” because:
a. it only catalyzes 1000 reactions a second and gets confused between O2 and CO2
b. it only catalyzes 3 reactions a second and confuses O2 with H2O
c. it only catalyzes 3 reactions a second and gets confused between O2 and CO2
d. it only catalyzes 1000 reactions a second and gets confused between O2 and H2O
e. rubisco cannot be described as “slow and stupid”
31.
For every six CO2 molecules entering the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, how many
triose phosphates are exported from the chloroplast?
a. 12
b. 10
c. 6
d. 2
e. 1
32.
33.
cell?
PSII and PSI differ in __________.
a. proton pumping ability
b. proton pumping ability and electron donors
c. proton pumping ability, electron donors, and electron acceptors
d. electron donors and electron acceptors
e. plants and algae
In cell communication, which one of the following is a requirement of the responding
a. It must be a eukaryotic cell.
b. It must produce signaling molecules.
c. It must have receptor proteins.
d. It must be a prokaryotic cell.
34.
Chemicals called un-couplers can make membranes permeable to small molecules and
ions. What effect might un-couplers have on photosynthesis?
a. Increased ATP production because cyclic electron transport would increase
b. Decreased ATP production because the proton-gradient would increase
c. Decreased ATP production because the proton-gradient would decrease
d. Decreased NADPH production because the proton-gradient would increase
e. Decreased NADPH production because the proton-gradient would decrease
35.
Second messaging molecules are molecules that can diffusion through the member
quickly. What are some examples of these?
a.
cAMP
b.
Ca2+
c.
MAP kinase
d.
A and B
e.
A and C
36.
All are ways of terminating kinase tyrosine signaling EXCEPT:
a.
Ras turns off by GTP turning into GDP
b.
receptors are internalized by endocytosis and regraded
c.
remove phosphate from a protein group
d.
MAP activates activates the expression of phosphatase that dephosphorylates and
deactivate MAP kinase
e.
All are ways of termination
37.
Cell signaling between two nerve cells is an example of paracrine signaling because:
a. a signaling molecule (neurotransmitter) is released.
b. a receptor is activated.
c. the cells are in close proximity.
d. the responding cell releases more signaling molecule (neurotransmitter).
38.
Where would you expect to find the receptor for a nonpolar ligand?
a. on the cell surface
b. in the nucleus of the cell
c. in the cytosol
d. either in the nucleus of the cell or in the cytosol
39.
What does a ligand-gated channel do?
a. It binds small, nonpolar signaling molecules.
b. It activates a G protein.
c. It allows for the movement of ions across the plasma membrane.
d. It triggers the activity of a phosphatase.
40.
Why don’t steroid hormones bind to transmembrane cell-surface receptors?
a. Steroid hormones don’t require receptors because they bind directly to the
cell’s DNA.
b. Steroid hormones are not signaling molecules.
c. Steroid hormones are nonpolar and therefore cannot bind to receptors.
d. Steroid hormones are nonpolar and cross the cell’s plasma membrane,
binding to receptors inside the cell.
41.
___________ are mutated to stay active, and an example of be
__________; _____________ are mutated to stay inactive, and an example would be
____________.
a.
oncogenes, Ras; tumor suppressors, p53
b.
tumor suppressors, Ras; oncogenes, p53
c.
oncogenes, p53; tumor suppressors, Ras
d.
tumor suppressors, p53; oncogenes, Ras
e.
None of the above
42.
Cytoskeletal structures that radiate out of the middles of the centromere and make up the
spindle apparatus are:
a.
intermediate filaments
b.
microfilaments
c.
microtubules
d.
A and C
e.
None of the above
43.
In microtubules, the positive end is toward _____________, and the negative end is
toward the _______________.
a.
centromere; plasma membrane
b.
nucleus; centromere
c.
plasma membrane; centromere
d.
nucleus; plasma membrane
44.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In dynamic instability, the positive end:
shrinks slowly and grows quickly
shrinks slowly and grows slowly
shrinks quickly and grows quickly
shrinks quickly and grows slowly
45.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The type of cell adherence that forms pores are:
adherens junction
tight junction
gap junction
desmosomes
hemidesmosomes