AP US History UNIT ONE Land-Bridge Theory The first people to enter North America are said to have entered the land bridge from present-day Siberia to Alaska which is now the Bering Strait. Sustaining Life Around 5000 BC corn was developed and harvested. This spread across the Americas and changed the life of the Natives. Many of the Native societies were “matrilineal”. Strength in Numbers The Natives of Central and South America were more urbanized than the spread out tribes of North America Aztecs (Mexico) Incas (Peru) Mayans (Guatemala) Taino (Caribbean) North American Natives Many of these groups spread out throughout North America. These societies did not compare to the organization and size of the South American empires. This caused them to be easily taken over by the Europeans upon contact. Meanwhile in Europe…. Many of the European powers were looking for short-cuts to the East Indies to attain goods and luxury items not available in Europe. Drugs for medical use, silk for clothing, colorful draperies for castles, and spices…..especially sugar. How can we get there? Travel down the southern tip of Africa was impossible due to the trade winds. Until the Portuguese invent the caravel. This made the Portuguese very competitive in trading. They set up trading posts along the coast of Africa. In 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India in 1498 for Portugal. Plantation System The Portuguese purchased slaves and gold along the coast. They built a system of slave labor to work the sugar plantations. The slave trade is now a big business in the fifteenth century (1400’s) European Rivalry Spain becomes unified through the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella They want to outdo their neighbors to the west. The Portuguese already controlled the coast of Africa Their only way to the Indies was west…..enter Christopher Columbus Dawning a new era in Europe Political unity and the Renaissance in the 14th century brought on a feeling of ambition, optimism, and adventure. The Printing Press in 1450 and spreading of scientific knowledge Also the invention of the compass motivated exploration west. Columbus in the “New World” On October 12, 1492 Columbus and his crew land in the Bahamas. This set the stage for an eventual global economy Europe provides the market, capital, technology Africa supplies the labor New World offers its raw materials Metals, soil, sugar World’s Colliding With the introduction of Europeans to the New World we see our first global economy at work This was given the name “Columbian Exchange” Horses and weapons changed the culture of Native Americans forever. The Number One Killer Diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria devastated the Native American population The natives are said to have given the gift of disease back to the Europeans in the form of the STD syphilis. The Spanish The conquistadores Spain takes over as colonizing power in 1500’s Their three main goals Gold God- convert natives to Christianity Glory Notable Conquistadors Vasco Nunez Balboa Founder of Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan 1522 First circumnavigation of the world Juan Ponce de Leon Explored Florida 1521 Francisco Coronado Explored AZ and NM for “golden cities” Hernando de Soto Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru Hernan Cortes Conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico Main Voyages of European Discovery Encomienda This system of slave labor for the Spanish said that natives would be given to colonists if they promised to attempt to Christianize them. This was their way of rationalizing the captivity of the natives. Here come the English and French! English send Giovanni Caboto to North America in 1498 French send Giovanni da Verrazano to explore eastern shores in 1524 French also send Jacques Cartier who journeyed on the St. Lawrence River of today Canada Spanish dominate in the Southwest Missions are established in San Antonio (the Alamo) Missions also set up along coast of California in 1542 21 missions set up in San Diego in 1769 Eurocentric Textbook? Direct quotation from our textbook: “The Spanish paid the Native Americans the high compliment of fusing with them through marriage and incorporating indigenous culture into their own, rather than shunning the Indians as their English adversaries would do.” Colonizing North America First European settlements in North America Spanish in Santa Fe in 1610 French in Quebec in 1608 English at Jamestown in 1607 England couldn’t compete with Spain in the 1500’s in the race to colonize and explore the “New World” At first, they were allies with Spain so to compete was of little interest. English Colonies: North vs. South Linked by common language and allegiance to England Different according to patterns of settlement, economies, political systems, and sets of values. Religious trouble in Europe King Henry VIII broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church of England. The Pope refused to grant him a divorce to his wife so he declared himself the power over the new church of England. (He had 6 wives) In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I (loyal to Protestants) is crowned royalty in England. This creates tension between England and Spain (loyal to the Catholic Church). Martin Luther nails his protests of the Catholic Church in 1517. Started the Protestant Reformation. Unity in England Seizing and raiding Spanish ships and settlements became the goal of many English “sea dogs” such as Sir Francis Drake His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, convinced Elizabeth to fund a colonization effort in the New World. He first landed on Roanoke Island in 1585. Three years later efforts to continue funding were halted when Spain’s Philip II sent an Armada of Ships to invade England. (Spanish Armada) 1588 England’s victory against Spain ended Spain’s domination over seas. This unified the state of England, brought on religious unity for Protestants, a sense of Nationalism, and made Elizabeth that much more popular among the people. Broadening Horizons Along with this sense of nationalism was a time of great interest in William Shakespeare’s dramas. A new spirit was born in England One of thirst for adventure, curiosity, patriotism, faith and finally peace with Spain in 1604. Heading West! Population growth, unemployment, religious freedom, prospect of riches, and rich joint-stock companies funding voyages urged many people to make the voyage to the New World. The first voyage and attempt to colonize was funded by the Virginia Company. Those taking the voyage would receive the same rights as English citizens in the colony upon arrival. The Virginia Company’s three boats landed in the Chesapeake Bay on the banks of the James River. Jamestown: 1607 Disease, malnutrition, starvation, “gentlemen” not ready to work (except to look for gold), and violence with natives (Powhatan Indians) John Smith: “You don’t work, you don’t eat”…. Eating dogs, cats, rats, mice, even corpses of those already dead. Only 60 survived the “starving time”: winter 1609-1610 Jamestown continued… Lord De La Warr arrives in 1610 Carries out raids on Indian villages burning them to the ground Causes the first AngloPowhatan War Peace was found with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe in 1614 Downfall of the Powhatan Three D’s Disease Small pox, measles Disorganization Disposability No longer needed for labor or food Europeans Impacting Native Culture Horses Caused migration to the Great Plains Now mounted nomadic herders/hunters Disease Number one killer of natives Trade Firearms Forever alters hunting Beaver fur Intensified intertribal fighting over hunting grounds Over-killing of bison for trade Southern Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Economy based on plantation agriculture Tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo Slavery found in all plantation colonies Status in the south was based on land ownership (the ‘Gentry’ class) These colonies wanted to resemble English society as much as possible. Loyal to the Anglican Church (Church of England). Life in the Chesapeake (Virginia Colony) Men outnumbered women 6-1 in 1650 Life expectancy: 50% made it into 20’s. Marriages only lasted on avg. 7 years due to death. Causes weak family ties. Diseases ravaged populations. Virginia’s Tobacco Economy Perfected by John Rolfe 1612 European demand increases Many settlers look for tracts of new land Created first plantation system Demand for labor increases First slaves arrive in Va. In 1619 from a Dutch warship The North American slave trade system had begun “Poor Man’s Crop” Tobacco Labor Many tobacco farmers of Virginia couldn’t afford slave labor. Introduction of Indentured Servants. Headright System If you paid for someone to come across from Europe you received 50 acres of land Bacon’s Rebellion Many impoverished free men looking for land to start a farm and women to marry. 1676 Nathaniel Bacon Virginia governor William Berkeley chased out of Jamestown for not retaliating on Natives for attacking backwoods settlements. House of Burgesses With thriving economy of Virginia they begin to create a government of their own. First legislative body in North America 1619: House of Burgesses James I Not happy! Revokes Virginia Company charter and places colony under his direct control. Maryland: Refuge for Catholics Founded 1634 By Lord Baltimore Those loyal to the Catholic Church in England continued to be persecuted against. Tobacco plantations labored by Indentured Servants mainly Permitted freedom of worship (Act of Toleration 1649) Death penalty to Jews and Atheist who denounced Jesus as the Messiah and Savior of Mankind. From Barbados to S. Carolina Slave codes of Barbados (1661) traveled up the coast of N. America to South Carolina where many of the English left the sugar plantations. Slaves were denied even the most fundamental of rights as humans. Their master was in complete control over their lives. S. Carolina adopted the Barbados slave code in 1696. Slave trade intensifies in N. America Sugar plantations boom in the West Indies (Caribbean) early 1600’s Rich man’s crop: only wealthy growers could cultivate sugar Very labor intensive Imported thousands of slaves from Africa By 1700, slaves outnumbered whites 4-1 Middle Passage Middle Passage described the journey slaves took from west coast of Africa to the auction blocks of ports such as Rhode Island and Charleston, South Carolina. Difference between a slave and indentured servant becomes race Slavery was worse in the deep south. South Carolina Settlers from Barbados bring the system of slavery with them to the Carolinas. Rice and sugar become the principal export. Rice was grown in Africa which made those slaves of high demand in Carolina. Charles Town becomes the busiest port in the South of the slave trade. North Carolina: The Rebel Colony Poverty-stricken Virginians and “squatters” Small-scale tobacco farms Resisted authority to government Seen as riff-raff and irreligious Separated from South Carolina in 1712 North Carolina continued… Most democratic of colonies Most independent minded Least aristocratic North Carolina sandwiched between Aristocratic Virginia and South Carolina Buffer Colony: Georgia Founded in 1733 Last of the 13 colonies Strategically created to protect the more valuable S. Carolina colony from the Spanish in Florida and French in Louisiana Produced silk and wine Founded by James Oglethorpe Haven for debtors and religious tolerance (except for Catholics) John Wesley (founder of Methodist Church) was a missionary in Ga. New England Colonies Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Mainly settled for religious purposes Purification, persecution, refuge Economy based on lumber, shipbuilding, small farming, fishing, trading (Boston Harbor) Calvinism John Calvin of Geneva Follower of Martin Luther and Protestant movement Idea of Predestination Where people would spend eternity after death. People sought signs of conversion that they had received God’s gift of salvation. Heavily influenced Puritans Puritans: Purifying the Church The group of Puritans that wanted to break away from the Church of England were known as the Separatists These “Pilgrims” (group of Separatists from Holland) crowded the Mayflower to start a new life in the New World. Each signed the Mayflower Compact which said that each would submit to the authority of the majority. Selfgovernment apart from the crown. They landed off the coast of New England in 1620 Only 44/102 survived the first winter Merging the Massachusetts Bay The Separatists of Plymouth, low in population, merged with the Massachusetts Bay colony with other nonSeparatist Puritans in 1691. First governor was John Winthrop He proclaimed they would be a “city upon a hill”. New Hampshire was purchased by the Bay colony in 1641 followed by Maine in 1677. Life in the Bay Colony Focus was religion Those not in the church could not vote in the Town Meetings. The purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws People paid taxes to government-supported Church Very strict lifestyle Those who were not Puritans or those who didn’t follow the Puritan Ethic were outcasts such as the Quakers (fled to Pennsylvania). These people were punished severely with fines, floggings, and banishment. Among them Anne Hutchison and Roger Williams. Williams and others left the colony. Williams founded Rhode Island. The Good Life Clean water, cool temperatures Life expectancy similar to that of today Migrated with families Avg. married woman had 10 children Family values and stability Women not given property rights to maintain roles in marriage. Divorce very rare in New England society Organization of towns Meeting house for town meetings of government Place of worship Town Hall Village Green for military drill Small area for crops and animals First college ever in New World: Harvard 1636 Congregational Church government Ideas of democracy Very diversified economy of agriculture and industry (shipbuilding) Raising of livestock Natural harbors for commerce and shipping Rhode Island Colony Established by Roger Williams (outcast of Puritan society) Freedom of Religion Even to Jews and Catholics Most liberal English colony: similar to North Carolina Refuge for dissenters of government and exiles Strong individualistic and stubborn society Colony of Connecticut Founded in 1638 in New Haven by Puritans who wanted even more government regulation by the church. Led by Reverend Thomas Hooker Governed by the Fundamental Orders A modern constitution in which the citizens democratically governed the colony. Royal Influence in the Colonies During the first half of the 1600’s the royal crown of England was only involved to an extent. The second half of the century the crown began to pay much closer attention to her colonies. 1686 Dominion of New England Colonies began trading with rival nations (Spain, France, and the Dutch) Sir Edmund Andros (English military leader) No more town meetings Restrictions on freedom of press, courts, and schools. Taxed people w/o their consent. With dethroning of James II in England, Dominion of England collapses. (Glorious Revolution 16881689) Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania Most ethnically and economically diverse region of English colonies. Religious toleration and democratic control characterized the Middle Colonies. “Bread Colonies” Wheat farming Fur trade on major rivers Lumbering Ship building Commerce on natural harbors and sea ports Medium sized landholdings Major trading areas (crossroads between the Northern and Southern colonies) New Netherland = New York 1623-1624 Established by Dutch West India Company Created for fur trade along the Hudson River Company town Investors not interested in religious freedom, speech, or democracy Dutch “buy” Manhattan island from Indians who didn’t actually own it. Indian retaliation on the Dutch cause them to erect a wall-fort (Wall Street). Dutch Intruders The English regarded the Dutch as intruders. 1664 Charles II granted area to his brother Duke of York Area renamed New York Dutch culture still there: Harlem, Brooklyn, Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, golf Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Quakers “Quaked” when under deep religious emotion Religious Society of Friends Refused military service in England (pacifists) Bought land from Indians Friendly relations with Natives Pennsylvania Life Representative Assembly elected by landowners Freedom of worship to all citizens. Very liberal colony. Death penalty only for treason and murder Held no slaves “Blue Laws” No plays, playing cards, dice, games, excessive joking/laughing. Immediate economic success. Other Quaker settlements New Jersey 1664 Delaware 1703 By the Swedish Named after Lord de la Warr