Armor School
Simulation for Training
Dr. Bob Bauer
1
THEMES
Requirements for successful Simulations in
training are:
Technology
Instructional
Design
Management
2
Agenda
• Past – Present - Future
• Demonstrate examples
• Describe good/bad news
3
Definitions: Gaming vs Simulation?
Gaming:
• focused on entertaining
• education and training executed with simulations
• can operate as standalone or enabler to live, virtual, and constructive
• integrated training environment
• use of commercial/government off the shelf games to train
Gaming simulations:
• real Soldiers learning and training in a simulated environment
• experience without cost of simulator or live training
• provides feedback that reinforces learning objectives
• semi-immersive environment
Simulation:
• used in task/situational training areas to allow humans to anticipate
• situations and react properly
• decision-making environments to test/select alternatives
• a method for implementing a model over time
• any representation or imitation of reality
• immersive environment
4
Comparison of Models
Problem Based Learning Model
PBL
Synthesis
Analysis
Application
Understanding
Procedural
training
Increased Interactivity
Evaluation
Knowledge
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Cognitive abilities:
• Focusing on knowledge construction
• Mental agility
• Realistic approaches to problem solving
• Complex problem solving
• Conceptual interrelatedness
• Integrating multiple cognitive/procedural tasks
• Critical thinking
Task Based Model
Cognitive abilities:
• Analyzing a Task
•Task Based
•Establishing objectives
• Plan Centric
• Measuring performance with objectives
• Structured
• Sequential
• Clear measures of “GO” and “NO GO”
PBL – Problem Based Learning
SAT – Systems Approach to Training
5
Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)
6
Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)
7
Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)
8
Conduct of Fire Trainer (COFT)
9
Past Training Simulations
PLATOON and COMPANY
TRAINING
SIMNET / CCTT
BATTALION LEVEL
TRAINING
BATTALION STAFF
TRAINING
JANUS / JCATS
Observer / Controllers
Structured Training
10
Dunn Kemp - Example
• Board game
• Terrain modeled with hexagon
• 2 players
• Fielded in 70s
• Rolled dice to decide outcomes
11
America’s Army - Example
• Multiplayer tactical/military FPS game (public
version)
• The PC version 1.0, subtitled Recon, was first
released on July 4, 2002.
• Strategic communications tool for USAREC
• 9.3M registered users
• Up to 16 players on each of 2 sides
• PC & console over the internet
• Very limited artificial intelligence (AI)
and non-player character (NPC)
support
• Very limited mounted play
12
Use of Video Games in the Army
Participants
– Over 10,000 U.S. Army
Soldiers
5,248 enlisted
4,796 officers
Survey
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
47.7
30.4
27.0
11.2
– 85 total questions
10.0
– 15 questions applied
directly to games –
0.0
investigating
PVT - SGT - MSG - LT
demographics, videogame
CPL SFC CSM
and/or computer usage
17.8
8.0
CPT - LTC MAJ COL
Enlisted
Officer
Source: Jennifer C. Moore, Karin A. Orvis, George Mason University & Consortium of Universities of the Washington Metropolitan Area
and James Belanich, Jennifer L. Solberg, Daniel B. Horn, U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences; “Who Plays
What? Videogame Usage Among Soldiers and Potential Training Effects” APA Division 21/19 Annual Symposium of Applied Experimental
13
Research , March 1-2, 2007, Fairfax, Virginia
DARWARS Ambush!
• Description:
– Multiple-user simulation/game
– Learners perform individual critical decision-making and
problem-solving in a collective environment
– Used while conducting tactical operations such as Perform
Screen Operations and Direct Convoy Operations
• Current Course applications
–
–
–
Basic Noncommissioned Officers Course
Advanced Noncommissioned Officers Course
Basic Officer Leader Course III
• Situations
– Tactical scenarios/environments (versus terrain boards)
– Combine previously trained leadership and tactical tasks
– Cultural awareness
14
DARWARS Scenarios
NCO:
• Perform Screen Operations
• Route Recon with Obstacle
• Cordon & Search
• Conduct Displacement
Officer:
• Fundamentals of the Offense
• Fundamentals of Maneuver
• BCT Full Spectrum Operations
• Fundamentals of the Defense
15
O/C Map and Graphic
What: CIV Traffic
ACT: Traveling along RTE
based on BLUFOR response
What: CIV Traffic
ACT: Traveling along RTE
Stationary
10
E
6
8
D
What: CIV Village
ACT: Traveling along RTE
TBD based on BLUFOR
response 6
X2 BRDM
X5 Troops
SA/MG/RPG
Constructing OBS
C
11
9
B
v
7
5
4
2
3
A
X3 Troops
SA/MG
OP
1
Plt begins
in AA
X1 BMP2
X5 Troops
SA/MG/RPG
Constructing OBS
What: CIV Traffic
ACT: Traveling along RTE
Conducting logging Operations
OEPRATION: “GEREEN ACRES”
16
DARWARS Demo
17
Virtual Battlespace 2 -VBS2
• A fully interactive, three-dimensional,
PC-based synthetic environment
suitable for military training and
experimentation
• An out-of-the-box training solution
capable of simulating a wide range of
situations at the tactical level
• Real-time rendering of large, high-fidelity terrain areas
• Flexible, networked training environment
• Comprehensive scenario editors
• Rapid terrain generation
• Rapid development
18
VBS2 Applications
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mission simulation/rehearsal
Area of Operations (AO) familiarization
Tactical training to Combat Team level
Combined Arms or Joint Training
Convoy training
Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Defeat
Analysis of Course of Action
Fire Support
Currently Alpha Testing
Land Navigation
Vehicle checkpoints and area control
Procedural training for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators
Cultural Awareness training
Visualization of weapon effects
Training in urban environments
19
VBS2 Demo
20
Games in General
TRADITIONAL APPROACH
Example: CCTT
Abrams Tank
M16 Rifle
Define Requirements
Program $
Life Cycle Management
EMERGING GAMING APPROACH
Identify requirement for family of games
VBS-2
Program $
Next Game
Throw away games
Next Game
21
Ground School XXI
Where we are going
22
Maneuver Center Training (2011)
More High Risk Training
than any other Installation ...
Typical Day 23,700 Soldiers in Training
92± Courses
600 in Ranger
and RSLC
Training:
- 7 Days a Week
- 52 Weeks a Year
1800 in Airborne
135,000± Soldiers
Trained to Standard
OCS / BOLC / MCCC
600 in Branch
Functional Courses
17,100 in New
Recruit Training
3600 in Officer/ NCO Leader Courses
23
23
Maneuver Force
Korea
Germany
Italy
Ft Lewis
Ft Drum
Ft Riley
Ft Knox
Ft Campbell
Ft Irwin
Ft Sill
Ft Bragg / Pope AFB
Ft Benning
Ft Bliss
Ft Wainwright
Ft Hood
Ft Stewart
Ft Polk
Ft Richardson
Schofield Bks / Shafter
Brigade Combat Teams
AC
ARNG
48
28
Puerto Rico
Ground School XXI
• Learn from Aviation Training
• Use FY07 Capability Based Assessment (CBA)
• Initial Findings
– Current Operational Environment not well supported
– Solution Sets include major upgrades and new
training support systems
"Take off the blinders, show me the realm of the possible. I am not
looking for what we can do with what we have today. I want to see what
we can do in the future. If what we need is 10 or 20 years down the
road then , so be it.... Use Flight School XXI as the start point. I am not
sure what can be done... I need you all to help me figure that out. Make
it happen!“
General William S. Wallace, Commander, TRADOC
at Fort Knox on 7 January 2008.
25
Flight School XXI
• Initial Entry Pilot Training
• Contractor owned – off post
• 20 year service contract
• $1Billion
• FS XXI Training Load Calculations
• Trains 1,200 Initial entry pilots a year
• Aircraft specific advanced tracks:
• 126 AH-64D Track
• 688 UH-60 Track
• 186 CH-47D
• 150 OH-58D
• GS XXI Training Load Calculations
• 92 Courses
• 135,000 + Soldiers a year
26
VISION
 Develop a simulation system of systems that:
• Simulates/Replicates individual weapons and weapons platforms
• Provides gunnery/weapons and maneuver training
• Replicates weapons/platforms to match force structure
• Trains both generating and operating forces
• Supports individual through brigade combat team, mounted and dismounted
• Availability begins in 2012
 The simulation replicates:
• Sight, sound, and smells of conflict
• Weapons effects
• Environmental weather to include temperature and rain
 Components of the simulation includes
• Semi-Automated Forces (SAF)
• Interface with LIVE training
• Training Management system (Scheduling, student tracking, AARs)
• Training Support Packages (gates and tables, variety of METT-TC)
Train the Way We Fight and Operate,
See It First in Training and Train First in Simulation
Crawl, Walk, Run, Apply/Rehearse
27
Sample of Tasks Trained at the MCoE
Maneuver ANCOC (11B) Conduct an Attack by a Platoon
Maneuver Captains Career Course Conduct an Attack (Infantry
Company)
MGS
Armor Basic Officer Leader (BOLC III) Conduct Overwatch/Support By Fire At
Platoon Level
11B10 OSUT Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1 Carbine
28
Stryker Company Virtual SIMEX
COE OPFOR
(SAF)
Civilians
(SAF)
Conduct
Overwatch/
Support By
Fire at
Platoon Level
1st
Platoon
(SAF)
Conduct an
Attack
(Infantry
Company)
White Cell
Virtual Simulators
• 7 Reconfigurable Vehicles
• 1 Raven
• 39 Soldiers
Mortar Section
(SAF)
Company Commander
XO
Fires Support Team
• Field Artillery
• CAS
Conduct an
2nd
Platoon &
Attack by a
MGS
Platoon
Platoon
4 X Stryker IFV
3 X MGS
1 X Plt HQ
3 X Infantry Squads
1 X Weapons Squad
1 X Raven
Engage
Targets with
an M4 or
M4A1 Carbine
Medics
(SAF)
3rd Platoon (SAF)
The Problem
The Army has done well with the simulations and
simulators to train platform weapons systems.
The training support required to integrate
mounted/dismounted operations, asymmetric threats,
non-combatants, robotics, aspects of full spectrum
operations and emerging capability is lacking.
The maneuver force must continue to train Soldiers and
units to standard while:
• The Army modernizes
• The Army grows
30
Current Simulation Gaps
• Dismounted Training
• Mounted Supporting Dismounted and Dismounted
Supporting Mounted Soldier and Leader Training
• Ability to conduct battle command tasks in the classroom
(e.g., gaming - course of action development)
• Ability to Prepare and Execute Operations (Leader
Opportunity in the Schoolhouse)
• Incorporate modernization
• Link to L-V-C
• Full Spectrum Operations
31
Full Spectrum Operations
(examples)
Mounted Support
to Dismounted
Operations
&
Dismounted
Support to
Mounted
Operations
Asymmetric
Threats
Noncombatants
Acquire/React to
Explosive Devices
&
Intelligent
Munitions System
Mines/Booby
Traps
Robotics
CCTT
COFT
AB-FIST*
AGTS
EST 2000
* Advanced Bradley Full Crew
Interactive Skills Trainer
Meets Requirements
Needs Improvement
Does Not Meet Requirements
32
Training for: Conduct an Attack
What Will GS XXI Achieve?
BEFORE:
AFTER:
(many operational/product stovepipes,
redundant processes, and gaps)
(integrated operations serving common mission)
EST 2000
CCTT
AGTS
MILES
AB-FIST
GS XXI
Transformation
Current:
Objective:
Add-hoc training solutions, disjointed
training infrastructure elements, rice
bowls, etc. operating separately
Formations that achieve mission goals
using most cost effective means
33
Considerations for Military M&S
• Professional
– Education
• Modeling and Simulation
• Qualitative and Quantitative
• Limits of Analysis
– Knowledge of the Military
• DOTMLPF
• Military History
• The Decision Maker
• Personal
– Security Clearance
• Government
• Industry
• Academia
34
Questions
Technology
Instructional
Design
Management
35