Collin Duggan & Will Summerall

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 It was a period of rapid growth with breakthroughs in water powered machines and high production.
 Hand powered machines were not efficient enough to fill large orders so a man named Richard
Arkwright came up with a revolutionary idea
 His design would allow 1 machine to do the work of
50 people

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 He created a wheel with boards of wood that would catch the water and turn a master axle called a vertical shaft, this puts the whole operation in motion. One of these water wheel inventions could power an entire textile mill.

Sakshi Popli and Josie Parrilla
Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States
History: Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 2007. Print.
Atler, Judith. Eli Whitney. New york: A First Book, 1990. Print
Constance M. Green, Eli Whitney and the Birth of American
Technology (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956).

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 All manufacturing was done by hand
 No two musket parts were exactly the same
 It would take more then a week to make one musket
 No mass production

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 Promised the federal government that he could build
10,000 muskets in a little more than two years
 Whitney had never made a musket before
 Designed a milling machine which would make parts
Exactly the same every time
 Didn’t make a single musket in the first two years of allotted time

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 Interchangeable parts are parts of a machine that are perfectly identical
 They speed up the production of machinery
 Mass production
 Made guns fixable
 You could easily replace broken parts

By Hunter Crose, John Murray, and James Sullivan

• Trade Unions were groups that tried to improve pay and work conditions
• Pay was low, employees had to work 12-hour work days, and people were at risk of losing their jobs to immigrants
• Most employers did not want to hire union workers
• Employers believed that the higher cost of union employees prevented competition with other manufactures
• Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform in 1844 ad publicized the struggles of factory laborers
• President Martin Van Buren had granted a 10-hour work day in 1840 for many federal employees

• In 1834, representatives from various trade unions convened at the National
Trades’ Union Convention in New York City
• The NTU convention, which marked the first sub included obtaining legal recognition for trade unions in every American jurisdiction, organizing unorganized workers, establishing universal free public education for children and adults, and creating a separate political party

• Sarah G. Bagley - Enjoyed the experience of factory work at first, but then her attitude towards textile corporations became increasingly critical, However, reflecting a general discontent among mill workers over declining wages and deteriorating working conditions including a speed up of machine operations.
• In 1844, when then Massachusetts Legislature set up a special committee to consider the problem; The first governmental investigation of labor conditions in the United States.

• Gray-White, Deborah, Holt Social Studies, Orlando, Holt, 2013
• James, Edward T., Notable American Women, Vol. 1, 1970
• Trade Unions, Dictionary of American History 2003, Gale U.S. History in Context, Web, 4
April 2013

By: Matt Stiffler, Matt Marshall
Tommy Wade
Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History;
Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston. 2007. Print.
Ewen, William H.. Days of the Steamboats. New York: Parents’ Magazine
Press, 1967. Print.
Robert Fulton.” Dictionary of American Biography. U.S. History In
Context. Web. 1 April 13.

Steamboat engine gif
H T T P : / / W W W . T W A I N T I M E S . N E T / B O A T / S B P A G E 3 A . H T M L

 In the early 1800’s many steamboats would traverse the inland seas of the northern states
 Steam boats were first introduced in the transportation revolution- a period of rapid growth in the speed of commerce and travel
 In 1835, Americans had joined the Hudson to the Mississippi (made trade more effective; Atlantic Ocean-Mississippi)
 Improvements like these made goods, people and information more transferrable
 By 1840, 7,500 steamboats were being used
 By the 1850’s steamboats were used to carry people and goods across the
Atlantic

 They had been known to travel across and around the Hudson
 The first steamboat to explore the west was the “Shasta” and was used to go to San Francisco in search of gold
 Robert Fulton tested the first design in France
 When he was 13, he invented a sky rocket
 The first full sized steamboat was “Clermont.”
• Designed by Robert Fulton

 Increased shipping led to waterway right problems.
 1819 Aaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons
 Gibbons did not have a license in New York City waterways.
 The Gibbons v. Ogden case regulated trade between states by ending monopolistic control.

By John Shultz

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The cotton gin was used to remove the seeds out of cotton ten times faster than by hand
You use it by turning the handle to move the cotton through the machine and the wire tears the seeds from the cotton
It was also helpful because it helps to fill the huge need for cotton in England
Later on the gin was changed by other manufacturers who stole the design to use saws instead which was much better than the wire

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The design made cotton one of their leading crops so they started to abandon their other crops
The cotton caused an up rise in textile manufacturing because it was a highly produced crop because of the cotton gin
Cotton exports to England changed from one hundred thirty-eight thousand pounds to over one and a half million and thirty years later it went all the way up to two-hundred million pounds
The USA produced half of the cotton in the world

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The cotton also had to go through another process called browning because the cotton gin didn’t clean the cotton
Eli Whitney hoped to keep its design a secret but he couldn’t because laws preventing people from stealing ideas haven’t been passed or were not enforced

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Alter, Judith. Eli Whitney. New York: Library of congress cataloging, 1990. Print.
Wiener, Roberta. “Cotton Gin.” 2006 Gale. World history in context. Web. 1 April 2013
White, Deborah. United States History. Austin: Holt, 2007.
Print.
Google Images

1-06 By Jack Savoni and
Ethan McAuliffe

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In the early 1800s, immigrants traveled to America to start a new life. But, this just started trouble.
As the immigrants settled in American cities, it bothered some people who didn’t like foreigners bringing their languages, cultures, and foods with them.
Soon later, America’s population would grow rapidly, and the Industrial
Revolution would start taking place.
The Industrial Revolution started in the mid 1800s, which supplied many jobs for immigrants and U.S. citizens.
Some people felt threatened by the foreigners due to immigrants looking for payment that could be lower than the minimum wage.
As immigration increased, Nativists founded a political party known as the Know Nothing Party.



Reimers, David M. "'America for the Americans': The Nativist Movement in the United States." Journal of
American Ethnic History 17.2 (1998): 93+. U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2013
Beers, Kylene. United states history beginnings to 1877.New York:

Regligion Consultant, 2002. print

DOROTHEA DIX
• Raised in Massachusetts
• Lived in Boston as a teacher
• Taught Sunday School to woman prisoners
• When she turned forty she became a crusader on behalf of the mentally ill
• Wrote to the government officials to influence them to improve prisons

PRISONS
• The mentally ill prisoners were chained to walls
• These prisoners had little clothing and no heat
• Held runaway children and orphans
• If the children begged or stole to survive, they got the same harsh treatments as adult criminals

REFORMS MADE
• After learning the conditions, Dorothea exposed them to the government
• Led to the demand that they are immediately changed
• Never came face to face with public
• Dorothea would:
Collected valuable information
Planned the changes
Recruited spokesmen

WORKS CITED
Culligan, Judy. Heroes And Prisoners. New York: Simon And
Schuster, 1998. Print.
Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States
History: Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 2007. Print.
Pictures from: Google images.
“The Prison Reform Movement.” US History on Context 2007.
American Social Reform Movements. Web. 1 April 2013.

• Abolitionist were people that supported the complete end to slavery
• The American Anti-Slavery Society, were members who wanted immediate emancipation and racial equality for African Americans
• In 1833, William Lloyd Garrison helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society and later he was made president.

• He also published an abolitionist newspaper, the
Liberator, in 1831
• Members spread anti-slavery literature and petitioned
Congress to end federal support of slavery.
• The society eventually split into 2 groups, one wanted immediate emancipation for African Americans and a bigger role for women, and the other wanted gradual emancipation and minor roles for women.

By: Henry Carrington Liam Nuneviller
(not Logan because he did nothing)
Deverell Williams and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. Orland: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print.
“Frederick Douglass." Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 87. Detroit: Gale, 2011. World History In
Context. Web. 4 Apr. 2013.
"Sojourner Truth." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. World History In Context. Web.
4 Apr. 2013.
Adler, David Frederick Douglass A Noble Life. Wisconsin: Holiday House 2010. Print.
Krass, Pete Sojouner Truth Antislavery Activist. New York: Chelsea House Publishers 1988.Print.

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Born a slave in Tuckahoe Maryland
Douglass secretly learned to read and write as young lad
Frederick Douglass escaped slavery when he was 20
He went on to be one the most important African American leaders in the 1800’s
His public speaking impressed many members of the anti-slavery society
Douglass had many speaking tours in the U.S. and Europe
"I remember the chain, the gag, the bloody whip, the deathlike gloom overshadowing the broken spirit of the fettered bondman, the appalling liability of his being torn away from wife and children, and sold like a beast in the market,"
Buried in 1895 in New York

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Born into slavery around 1797
Her name was originally Isabella
Changed her name at 46 years old
Sojourner contributed to abolitionist cause
Claimed god told her to travel the us and help slaves
Preached about women’s right
Nov. 26, 1883 she died because of ill health

By: Danielle Lean, Ashley Hillis,
Violet Myles, and Taylor Arenz

• An organization that arranged transportation and hiding places for escaped slaves
• The slaves were moved during the night
• Would travel them along routes that led them to northern states or Canada
• There was no central leadership
• Conductors stopped to rest in the day at barns, attics, or other properties owned be abolitionists (station masters)
• 1800 north abolished slavery and south became more crucial to the cotton

• Quakers o Mid-to-late 1700s, the group became abolitionists o Played significant role in helping runaway slaves o Levi coffin and wife Catherine were two major Quaker abolitionists.
o Their home was often referred to as “Grand Central Station.” o It is estimated that they harbored and helped more than 2,000 slaves.
• Harriet Tubman o Born a slave o Her birth name was Araminta “Minty” Ross o Run away slave o Lead her family and 300 other slaves to freedom o Became an abolitionist, a military spy, and a women’s activist

Benson, Sonia, and Rebecca Valentine. “Underground Railroad.” UXL
Encyclopedia of U.S. History. US History in Context. Web. 1 Apr
2013.
Devaral, William, and Deloran Gray White. United States History: Beginnings
to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rineheart and Winston, 2007. Print.
Lanteir, Patrica. Harriet Tubman Conductor of the Underground Railroad.
Crabtree Publishing Company, 1952. Print.

By: Seumus Crossett, and Nick Zarutskie
Works cited
• Deverell, William and Debrah Gray White. United States History
beginning to 1877. Orlando: Holt Rinehart and Winston,
2007. Print.
• Slavicek, Louise. Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad.
Farmington Hills, Mississippi: Lucent books, 2006. Print.
• Yacovone, Donald. "Underground Railroad." Encyclopedia of African-
American Culture and History. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 2223-2226. U.S. History In Context. Web.
3 Apr. 2013.

• The underground railroad was not an actual railroad, but it was a network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitives, or escaped slaves.
• Fugitives would travel along routes that led them into northern states and sometimes Canada.
• No one person, or group of people was ever officially in charge
• Most famous and daring conductor was Harriet Tubman
• At one time the reward for Harriet Tubman was up to $40,000

• Little is known about Tubman’s first rescue mission except that she escorted her relatives all the way to her new hometown of
Philadelphia.
• Heartened by her success she returned to the
Baltimore area and guided three of her brothers friends to free soil.

• Most slaves who reached freedom in the
North initiated their own escapes.
• The Underground Railroad never freed as many slaves as its supporters claimed.
• One black man employed his carriage service to transport slaves into freedom.

By: Fausto Gomez, Connor Collins, Sean
Heffernan, John S.

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th
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 Deverell, William. United States History. Austin : Holt, 2007. Print.
 Hemer, Diana. Women Suffragists. New York : Library of Congress,
1998. Print.
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“Suffrage Women’s .” International Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences, 2008. Gale World History in Context. Web. 2 Apr
2013.

2 -12 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT
By: John Pucillo and Graham Sendak

WORKS CITED
Deverell, William and Deborah, Grey. “Temperance.”
United States History Beginnings to 1877. Orlando : Holt Richard and Winston, 2007. Print.
Google Images On Google.
McNeese, Tim. Early National America 1790 – 1850.
New York : Chelsea House, 2000. Print.
“Temperance Movement.” Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century, 2001. US History in Context.
Web. 1 April 2013.

DATABASE FACTS
Began in the 19 th Century and ended in the 20 th Century.
Before the 1800’s nobody protested against alcohol.
Only excessive drinking was considered a social and moral problem.
Temperance Societies were born before the 19 th century, the first temperance organizations goal was to build a mass membership which then to fight against the abuse of alcohol.
First temperance society was the American society for the promotion of temperance.
By 1835 the society had 1.5 million supporters

TEXT BOOK FACTS
During this time there were many social Reformers against alcohol abuse.
Social Reformers thought that Americans drank to much.
In the 1830’s the average American citizen drank about 7 galloons of alcohol a year.
Many Americans thought alcohol abuse caused social problems such as family violence, poverty and criminal behavior.
The Temperance movement hard liquor.
The Reformers asked people to limit themselves to beer and wine in small quantities.

BOOK FACTS
The American Temperance societies main purpose was to moderate drinking they encouraged people who were alcoholics to pledge total abstinence (which means to give up drinking).
Because of this movement many saloons and bars were closed down in 1873 and 1874 in the late 19 th century the movement was stalled and was not going anywhere.
Eventually in the end the Temperance movement led up to the early stages of probation.

THE END

C.J. Donaghy

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by Harriett Beecher Stowe as a protest against the
Compromise of 1850
• The author Harriet Beecher Stowe was an abolitionist
• The novel sold one million copies by early 1853
• Southerners were mad that the book depicted slavery as something that ravaged families, denigrated labor, and encouraged sexual indiscretion.
• The Civil war began nine years after the book was published and President Abraham Lincoln famously stated, “So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!”
• A political point in the novel was that Christianity and Slavery were mutually exclusive.
• Stowe linked the story of Uncle Tom’s suffering with the life and death of Jesus Christ.
• The book made Northerners and others aware of the cruelty of Slavery and how the Slave
Owners treated their slaves.

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin was originally praised by blacks because Frederick Douglass wrote a positive review of the novel in an editorial.
• William Wells Brown, J. McCune Smith, and William Still were well known blacks who also approved Stowe’s novel.
• They likened themselves to the novel because they thought of the book as anti-slavery propaganda.
• Some blacks said that Uncle tom’s Cabin was addressed to Universal Humanity.
• Black people later come to know Uncle Tom’s Cabin because of its inferior black images and racist theme.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin was not as popular with blacks at the time because the majority of readers of the book were White.

• Banks, Marra. An Analysis of Nineteenth Century Black Responses to Uncle
Tom’s Cabin. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1986.
Print.
• Weinstein, Cindy. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Americans at War. Ed. John P.
Resch. Vol. 2: 1816-1900. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. 173-
174. U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Apr. 2013.
• "Uncle Tom's Cabin." UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History. Sonia Benson,
Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. Vol. 8. Detroit: UXL, 2009.
1601-1602. U.S. History In Context. Web. 4 Apr. 2013.